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Although disease states have been traditionally attributed to individual cell types, increasing evidence and new therapeutic options have demonstrated the primary role of multicellular functions to understand health and disease, opening new avenues to understand pathogenesis and develop new treatment strategies. We recently described the cellular composition and dynamics of the human oral mucosa; however, the spatial arrangement of cells is needed to better understand a morphologically complex tissue. Here, we link single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, and high-resolution multiplex fluorescence\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybridisation to characterise human oral mucosa in health and oral chronic inflammatory disease. We deconvolved expression for resolution enhancement of spatial transcriptomic data and defined highly specialised epithelial and stromal compartments describing location-specific immune programs. Furthermore, we spatially mapped a rare pathogenic fibroblast population localised in a highly immunogenic region, responsible for lymphocyte recruitment through\n                    <jats:italic>CXCL8<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>CXCL10<\/jats:italic>\n                    and with a possible role in pathological angiogenesis through\n                    <jats:italic>ALOX5AP<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Collectively, our study provides a comprehensive reference for the study of oral chronic disease pathogenesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.81525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T06:16:46Z","timestamp":1673936206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.81525","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Spatially resolved transcriptomics reveals pro-inflammatory fibroblast involved in lymphocyte recruitment through CXCL8 and CXCL10"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4588-3241","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana J","family":"Caetano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0220mzb33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King\u2019s College London","place":["London, United 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