{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:00:33Z","timestamp":1787032833018,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R35 GM139594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35 GM139594"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R35 GM119744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35 GM119744"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Selfish genetic elements can promote their transmission at the expense of individual survival, creating conflict between the element and the rest of the genome. Recently, a large number of toxin-antidote (TA) post-segregation distorters have been identified in non-obligate outcrossing nematodes. Their origin and the evolutionary forces that keep them at intermediate population frequencies are poorly understood. Here, we study a TA element in\n                    <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    called\n                    <jats:italic>zeel-1;peel-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Two major haplotypes of this locus, with and without the selfish element, segregate in\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We evaluate the fitness consequences of the\n                    <jats:italic>zeel-1;peel-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    element outside of its role in gene drive in non-outcrossing animals and demonstrate that loss of the toxin\n                    <jats:italic>peel-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    decreased fitness of hermaphrodites and resulted in reductions in fecundity and body size. These findings suggest a biological role for\n                    <jats:italic>peel-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    beyond toxin lethality. This work demonstrates that a TA element can provide a fitness benefit to its hosts either during their initial evolution or by being co-opted by the animals following their selfish spread. These findings guide our understanding on how TA elements can remain in a population where gene drive is minimized, helping resolve the mystery of prevalent TA elements in selfing animals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.81640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T10:40:08Z","timestamp":1698144008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.81640","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A toxin-antidote selfish element increases fitness of its host"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9897-5900","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lijiang","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2085-7223","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1422-047X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Annalise B","family":"Paaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1598-3746","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrick T","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zow102","article-title":"Selfish genetic elements and the gene\u2019s-eye view of evolution","volume":"62","author":"\u00c5gren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Zoology"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007700","article-title":"Selfish genetic elements","volume":"14","author":"\u00c5gren","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Genetics"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006946","article-title":"TASmania: a bacterial Toxin-Antitoxin systems database","volume":"15","author":"Akarsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Computational Biology"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.114.169730","article-title":"Efficient marker-free recovery of custom genetic modifications with CRISPR\/Cas9 in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"198","author":"Arribere","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13100-019-0149-4","article-title":"The toxic guardians - 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