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These oscillations are coupled to the phase of breathing cycles in several brain areas, possibly reflecting local computations driven by sensory inputs sampled at each breath. Here, we investigated the mechanisms and functions of gamma oscillations in the piriform (olfactory) cortex of awake mice to understand their dependence on breathing and how they relate to local spiking activity. Mechanistically, we find that respiration drives gamma oscillations in the piriform cortex, which correlate with local feedback inhibition and result from recurrent connections between local excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations. Moreover, respiration-driven gamma oscillations are triggered by the activation of mitral\/tufted cells in the olfactory bulb and are abolished during ketamine\/xylazine anesthesia. Functionally, we demonstrate that they locally segregate neuronal assemblies through a winner-take-all computation leading to sparse odor coding during each breathing cycle. Our results shed new light on the mechanisms of gamma oscillations, bridging computation, cognition, and physiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.83044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T08:02:21Z","timestamp":1676880141000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.83044","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Mechanisms and functions of respiration-driven gamma oscillations in the primary olfactory cortex"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8721-4292","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joaquin","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030bbe882","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica","place":["Montevideo, Uruguay"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04wn09761","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte","place":["Natal, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Torterolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030bbe882","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica","place":["Montevideo, Uruguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9877-7816","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adriano BL","family":"Tort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04wn09761","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte","place":["Natal, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1942.sp003955","article-title":"Olfactory reactions in the brain of the hedgehog","volume":"100","author":"Adrian","year":"1942","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.1.520","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of prepyriform, visual, auditory, and somesthetic surface eegs in trained rabbits","volume":"76","author":"Barrie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/004804","article-title":"Visual Areas Exert Feedforward and Feedback Influences through Distinct Frequency Channels","volume-title":"bioRxiv","author":"Bastos","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31459","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014868117","article-title":"Layer and rhythm specificity for predictive routing","volume":"117","author":"Bastos","year":"2020","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.22630","article-title":"Complementary codes for odor identity and intensity in olfactory cortex","volume":"6","author":"Bolding","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat6904","article-title":"Recurrent cortical circuits implement concentration-invariant odor coding","volume":"361","author":"Bolding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib7","article-title":"Simultaneous extracellular recordings from mice olfactory bulb (OB) and piriform cortex (pcx) and respiration data in response to odor stimuli and optogenetic stimulation of OB","volume-title":"CRCNS.Org","author":"Bolding","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bolding KA, Franks KM. 2018b. 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