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We exploited\n                    <jats:italic>Gt<\/jats:italic>\n                    CCR4 and\n                    <jats:italic>Kn<\/jats:italic>\n                    ChR, cation channelrhodopsins from algae,\n                    <jats:italic>Be<\/jats:italic>\n                    GC1, a guanylyl cyclase rhodopsin from a fungus, and photoactivated adenylyl cyclases (PACs) from cyanobacteria (\n                    <jats:italic>Oa<\/jats:italic>\n                    PAC) or bacteria (\n                    <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                    PAC), to control cell functions in zebrafish. Optical activation of\n                    <jats:italic>Gt<\/jats:italic>\n                    CCR4 and\n                    <jats:italic>Kn<\/jats:italic>\n                    ChR in the hindbrain reticulospinal V2a neurons, which are involved in locomotion, induced swimming behavior at relatively short latencies, whereas activation of\n                    <jats:italic>Be<\/jats:italic>\n                    GC1 or PACs achieved it at long latencies. Activation of\n                    <jats:italic>Gt<\/jats:italic>\n                    CCR4 and\n                    <jats:italic>Kn<\/jats:italic>\n                    ChR in cardiomyocytes induced cardiac arrest, whereas activation of\n                    <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                    PAC gradually induced bradycardia.\n                    <jats:italic>Kn<\/jats:italic>\n                    ChR activation led to an increase in intracellular Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    in the heart, suggesting that depolarization caused cardiac arrest. These data suggest that these optogenetic tools can be used to reveal the function and regulation of zebrafish neurons and cardiomyocytes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.83975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T11:15:13Z","timestamp":1690802113000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.83975","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Optogenetic manipulation of neuronal and cardiomyocyte functions in zebrafish using microbial rhodopsins and adenylyl cyclases"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2197-4595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hanako","family":"Hagio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04chrp450","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan","place":["Nagoya, 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