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The widespread synaptic weakening afforded by sleep is believed to keep the cost of synaptic activity under control, promote memory consolidation, and prevent synaptic saturation, thus preserving the brain\u2019s ability to learn day after day. The cerebellum is highly plastic and the Purkinje cells, the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, are endowed with a staggering number of excitatory parallel fiber synapses. However, whether these synapses are affected by sleep and wake is unknown. Here, we used serial block face scanning electron microscopy to obtain the full 3D reconstruction of more than 7000 spines and their parallel fiber synapses in the mouse posterior vermis. This analysis was done in mice whose cortical and hippocampal synapses were previously measured, revealing that average synaptic size was lower after sleep compared to wake with no major changes in synapse number. Here, instead, we find that while the average size of parallel fiber synapses does not change, the number of branched synapses is reduced in half after sleep compared to after wake, corresponding to ~16% of all spines after wake and ~8% after sleep. Branched synapses are harbored by two or more spines sharing the same neck and, as also shown here, are almost always contacted by different parallel fibers. These findings suggest that during wake, coincidences of firing over parallel fibers may translate into the formation of synapses converging on the same branched spine, which may be especially effective in driving Purkinje cells to fire. By contrast, sleep may promote the off-line pruning of branched synapses that were formed due to spurious coincidences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.84199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T06:15:13Z","timestamp":1671430513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.84199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Ultrastructural effects of sleep and wake on the parallel fiber synapses of the cerebellum"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sophia S","family":"Loschky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2626-754X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giovanna Maria","family":"Spano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056am2717","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Brock University","place":["St. Catharines, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey Marie","family":"Nemec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon Sandra","family":"Schiereck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5676-9279","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luisa","family":"de Vivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Bellesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian Weyn","family":"Banningh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3892-4087","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giulio","family":"Tononi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2563-677X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chiara","family":"Cirelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-0173(97)00042-8","article-title":"Long-Term potentiation and spatial training are both associated with the generation of new excitatory synapses","volume":"26","author":"Andersen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Research. 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