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Cortical reorganisation, which refers to preserved brain tissue taking on a new functional role, is often invoked to account for these behavioural changes. Here, we revisit many of the classical animal and patient cortical remapping studies that spawned this notion of reorganisation. We highlight empirical, methodological, and conceptual problems that call this notion into doubt. We argue that appeal to the idea of reorganisation is attributable in part to the way that cortical maps are empirically derived. Specifically, cortical maps are often defined based on oversimplified assumptions of \u2018winner-takes-all\u2019, which in turn leads to an erroneous interpretation of what it means when these maps appear to change. Conceptually, remapping is interpreted as a circuit receiving novel input and processing it in a way unrelated to its original function. This implies that neurons are either pluripotent enough to change what they are tuned to or that a circuit can change what it computes. Instead of reorganisation, we argue that remapping is more likely to occur due to potentiation of pre-existing architecture that already has the requisite representational and computational capacity pre-injury. This architecture can be facilitated via Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity mechanisms. Crucially, our revised framework proposes that opportunities for functional change are constrained throughout the lifespan by the underlying structural \u2018blueprint\u2019. At no period, including early in development, does the cortex offer structural opportunities for functional pluripotency. We conclude that reorganisation as a distinct form of cortical plasticity, ubiquitously evoked with words such as \u2018take-over\u2019\u2019 and \u2018rewiring\u2019, does not exist.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.84716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T06:15:14Z","timestamp":1699337714000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.84716","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["Against cortical reorganisation"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5816-8979","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tamar R","family":"Makin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013meh722","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4316-1846","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John W","family":"Krakauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00za53h95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00za53h95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01arysc35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Santa Fe Institute","place":["Santa Fe, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1991.66.3.1048","article-title":"Reorganization of somatosensory area 3b representations in adult owl monkeys after digital syndactyly","volume":"66","author":"Allard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1072","article-title":"Early \u201cvisual\u201d cortex activation correlates with superior verbal memory performance in the blind","volume":"6","author":"Amedi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1328","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the occipital pole interferes with verbal processing in blind subjects","volume":"7","author":"Amedi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2023.04.019","article-title":"Reassessing referral of touch following peripheral deafferentation: The role of contextual bias","volume":"167","author":"Amoruso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803588","article-title":"Recovery of Over-Ground Walking after Chronic Motor Complete Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"379","author":"Angeli","year":"2018","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24861","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1912636116","article-title":"Body map proto-organization in newborn macaques","volume":"116","author":"Arcaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.10.24.513526","article-title":"Nature over nurture: functional neuronal circuits emerge in the absence of developmental activity","volume-title":"bioRxiv","author":"Barab\u00e1si","year":"2022"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0129-4","article-title":"Behavioral and neurophysiological effects of delayed training following a small ischemic infarct in primary motor cortex of squirrel monkeys","volume":"169","author":"Barbay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11905","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.24.11905","article-title":"Relationships between orientation-preference pinwheels, cytochrome oxidase blobs, and ocular-dominance columns in primate striate cortex","volume":"89","author":"Bartfeld","year":"1992","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn848","article-title":"Cross-modal plasticity: where and how?","volume":"3","author":"Bavelier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. 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