{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:59:34Z","timestamp":1785405574288,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Medial frontal cortical areas are thought to play a critical role in the brain\u2019s ability to flexibly deploy strategies that are effective in complex settings, yet the underlying circuit computations remain unclear. Here, by examining neural ensemble activity in male rats that sample different strategies in a self-guided search for latent task structure, we observe robust tracking during strategy execution of a summary statistic for that strategy in recent behavioral history by the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), especially by an area homologous to primate area 32D. Using the simplest summary statistic \u2013 strategy prevalence in the last 20 choices \u2013 we find that its encoding in the ACC during strategy execution is wide-scale, independent of reward delivery, and persists through a substantial ensemble reorganization that accompanies changes in global context. We further demonstrate that the tracking of reward by the ACC ensemble is also strategy-specific, but that\n                    <jats:italic>reward<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevalence is insufficient to explain the observed activity modulation during strategy execution. Our findings argue that ACC ensemble dynamics is structured by a summary statistic of recent behavioral choices, raising the possibility that ACC plays a role in estimating \u2013 through statistical learning \u2013 which actions promote the occurrence of events in the environment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.84897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T06:05:12Z","timestamp":1700633112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.84897","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["ACC neural ensemble dynamics are structured by strategy prevalence"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2548-9722","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Proskurin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006w34k90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute","place":["Ashburn, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00za53h95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University Medical School","place":["Baltimore, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxim","family":"Manakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006w34k90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute","place":["Ashburn, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00za53h95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University Medical School","place":["Baltimore, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5869-6336","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alla","family":"Karpova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006w34k90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute","place":["Ashburn, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/35.3-4.246","article-title":"The transformation of poisson, binomial and negative-binomial data","volume":"35","author":"Anscombe","year":"1948","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1209","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex and decision making in a mixed-strategy game","volume":"7","author":"Barraclough","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1954","article-title":"Learning the value of information in an uncertain world","volume":"10","author":"Behrens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2752","article-title":"A reservoir of time constants for memory traces in cortical neurons","volume":"14","author":"Bernacchia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/2870","article-title":"Central cancellation of self-produced tickle sensation","volume":"1","author":"Blakemore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R11","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200008030-00002","article-title":"Why can\u2019t you tickle yourself?","volume":"11","author":"Blakemore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3151-13.2014","article-title":"Neurons in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex signal postdecisional variables in a foraging task","volume":"34","author":"Blanchard","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4752(96)00015-1","article-title":"Self-regulated learning: A new concept embraced by researchers, policy makers, educators, teachers, and students","volume":"7","author":"Boekaerts","year":"1997","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.05.014","article-title":"How green is the grass on the other side? 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