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However, other studies demonstrated that alpha oscillations positively correlate with visual perception, hinting at different processes underlying their dynamics. Here, using an approach based on traveling waves, we demonstrate that there are two functionally distinct alpha-band oscillations propagating in different directions. We analyzed EEG recordings from three datasets of human participants performing a covert visual attention task (one new dataset with\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 16, two previously published datasets with\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 16 and\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 31). Participants were instructed to detect a brief target by covertly attending to the screen\u2019s left or right side. Our analysis reveals two distinct processes: allocating attention to one hemifield increases top-down alpha-band waves propagating from frontal to occipital regions ipsilateral to the attended location, both with and without visual stimulation. These top-down oscillatory waves correlate positively with alpha-band power in frontal and occipital regions. Yet, different alpha-band waves propagate from occipital to frontal regions and contralateral to the attended location. Crucially, these forward waves were present only during visual stimulation, suggesting a separate mechanism related to visual processing. Together, these results reveal two distinct processes reflected by different propagation directions, demonstrating the importance of considering oscillations as traveling waves when characterizing their functional role.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.85035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T08:00:55Z","timestamp":1678089655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.85035","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Distinct roles of forward and backward alpha-band waves in spatial visual attention"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9826-2161","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea","family":"Alamia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/004raaa70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cerco, CNRS Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse","place":["Toulouse, France"]},{"name":"Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute","place":["Toulouse, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Terral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/004raaa70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cerco, CNRS Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse","place":["Toulouse, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malo Renaud","family":"D'ambra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/004raaa70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cerco, CNRS Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse","place":["Toulouse, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3611-7716","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rufin","family":"VanRullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/004raaa70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cerco, CNRS Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse","place":["Toulouse, France"]},{"name":"Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute","place":["Toulouse, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000487","article-title":"Alpha oscillations and traveling waves: signatures of predictive coding?","volume":"17","author":"Alamia","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Biology"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.59784","article-title":"DMT alters cortical travelling waves","volume":"9","author":"Alamia","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib3","article-title":"Travelling-waves-EEG-2.0","volume-title":"Github","author":"Alamia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alamia A. 2023. 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