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As such, it is known that phase transitions affect the function of biological condensates and that material properties can be tuned by several factors including temperature, concentration, and valency. It is, however, unclear if some factors are more efficient than others at regulating their behaviour. Viral infections are good systems to address this question as they form condensates\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    as part of their replication programmes. Here, we used influenza A virus (IAV) liquid cytosolic condensates, AKA viral inclusions, to provide a proof of concept that liquid condensate hardening via changes in the valency of its components is more efficient than altering their concentration or the temperature of the cell. Liquid IAV inclusions may be hardened by targeting vRNP (viral ribonucleoprotein) interactions via the known NP (nucleoprotein) oligomerising molecule, nucleozin, both\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    without affecting host proteome abundance nor solubility. This study is a starting point for understanding how to pharmacologically modulate the material properties of IAV inclusions and may offer opportunities for alternative antiviral strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.85182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T06:15:17Z","timestamp":1679033717000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.85182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Defining basic rules for hardening influenza A virus liquid condensates"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9024-4310","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Temitope Akhigbe","family":"Etibor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04b08hq31","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia","place":["Oeiras, 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