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The study of cerebellar folding is challenging due to the small size and abundance of its folia. In consequence, little is known about its anatomical diversity and evolution. We constituted an open collection of histological data from 56 mammalian species and manually segmented the cerebrum and the cerebellum. We developed methods to measure the geometry of cerebellar folia and to estimate the thickness of the molecular layer. We used phylogenetic comparative methods to study the diversity and evolution of cerebellar folding and its relationship with the anatomy of the cerebrum. Our results show that the evolution of cerebellar and cerebral anatomy follows a stabilising selection process. We observed two groups of phenotypes changing concertedly through evolution: a group of \u2018diverse\u2019 phenotypes \u2013 varying over several orders of magnitude together with body size, and a group of \u2018stable\u2019 phenotypes varying over less than 1 order of magnitude across species. Our analyses confirmed the strong correlation between cerebral and cerebellar volumes across species, and showed in addition that large cerebella are disproportionately more folded than smaller ones. Compared with the extreme variations in cerebellar surface area, folial anatomy and molecular layer thickness varied only slightly, showing a much smaller increase in the larger cerebella. We discuss how these findings could provide new insights into the diversity and evolution of cerebellar folding, the mechanisms of cerebellar and cerebral folding, and their potential influence on the organisation of the brain across species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.85907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T07:50:06Z","timestamp":1695369006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.85907","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Diversity and evolution of cerebellar folding in mammals"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7237-0196","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katja","family":"Heuer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05f82e368","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Unit\u00e9 de Neuroanatomie Appliqu\u00e9e et Th\u00e9orique","place":["Paris, 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