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The descending projection of these\n                    <jats:italic>Foxb1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    neurons end in the dorsolateral part of the periaqueductal gray (dlPAG). The functional role of the\n                    <jats:italic>Foxb1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    neuronal subpopulation in the PMd and the parvafox nucleus remains elusive. In this study, the activity of the\n                    <jats:italic>Foxb1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    neurons and of their terminal endings in the dlPAG in mice was selectively altered by employing chemo- and optogenetic tools. Our results show that in whole-body barometric plethysmography, hM3Dq-mediated, global\n                    <jats:italic>Foxb1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    neuron excitation activates respiration. Time-resolved optogenetic gain-of-function manipulation of the terminal endings of\n                    <jats:italic>Foxb1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    neurons in the rostral third of the dlPAG leads to abrupt immobility and bradycardia. Chemogenetic activation of\n                    <jats:italic>Foxb1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cell bodies and ChR2-mediated excitation of their axonal endings in the dlPAG led to a phenotypical presentation congruent with a \u2018freezing-like\u2019 situation during innate defensive behavior.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.86737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T09:52:15Z","timestamp":1685008335000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.86737","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chemo- and optogenetic activation of hypothalamic Foxb1-expressing neurons and their terminal endings in the rostral-dorsolateral PAG leads to tachypnea, bradycardia, and immobility"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1419-2480","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Reto 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