{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T08:54:19Z","timestamp":1791881659725,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1C1C1006503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C1006503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021K1A3A1A2103751212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021K1A3A1A2103751212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M3E5D2A01022515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M3E5D2A01022515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00266787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00266787"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00265406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00265406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002551","name":"Seoul National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Creative-Pioneering Researchers Program through Seoul National University 200-20230058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Creative-Pioneering Researchers Program through Seoul National University 200-20230058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002551","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002551","name":"Seoul National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Semi-Supervised Learning Research Grant by SAMSUNG A0426-20220118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Semi-Supervised Learning Research Grant by SAMSUNG A0426-20220118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002551","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation","award":["NO.2021-0-01343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.2021-0-01343"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation","award":["Artificial Intelligence Graduate School Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Artificial Intelligence Graduate School Program"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>In children, psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are related to risk of psychosis, schizophrenia, and other mental disorders. Maladaptive cognitive functioning, influenced by genetic and environmental factors, is hypothesized to mediate the relationship between these factors and childhood PLEs. Using large-scale longitudinal data, we tested the relationships of genetic and environmental factors (such as familial and neighborhood environment) with cognitive intelligence and their relationships with current and future PLEs in children. We leveraged large-scale multimodal data of 6,602 children from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study. Linear mixed model and a novel structural equation modeling (SEM) method that allows estimation of both components and factors were used to estimate the joint effects of cognitive phenotypes polygenic scores (PGSs), familial and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), and supportive environment on NIH Toolbox cognitive intelligence and PLEs. We adjusted for ethnicity (genetically defined), schizophrenia PGS, and additionally unobserved confounders (using computational confound modeling). Our findings indicate that lower cognitive intelligence and higher PLEs are significantly associated with lower PGSs for cognitive phenotypes, lower familial SES, lower neighborhood SES, and less supportive environments. Specifically, cognitive intelligence mediates the effects of these factors on PLEs, with supportive parenting and positive school environments showing the strongest impact on reducing PLEs. This study underscores the influence of genetic and environmental factors on PLEs through their effects on cognitive intelligence. Our findings have policy implications in that improving school and family environments and promoting local economic development may enhance cognitive and mental health in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.88117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T08:18:50Z","timestamp":1686644330000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.88117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gene\u2013environment pathways to cognitive intelligence and psychotic-like experiences in children"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8982-0387","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Junghoon","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence, College of Engineering, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2589-5395","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eunji","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9237-0388","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gyeongcheol","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University","place":["Columbus, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5057-7479","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heungsun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01pxwe438","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychology, McGill University","place":["Montr\u00e9al, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2685-877X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bo-Gyeom","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Gakyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9506-8742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yoonjung Yoonie","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04q78tk20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05a15z872","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Samsung Medical Center","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5314-7992","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiook","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence, College of Engineering, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00952-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Genetic predictors of educational attainment and intelligence test performance predict voter turnout","volume":"5","author":"Aar\u00f8e","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01158-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gene\u2013environment correlations across geographic regions affect genome-wide association studies","volume":"54","author":"Abdellaoui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2006.00414.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"As others see us","volume":"15","author":"Achenbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3292500.3330701","type":"conference-paper","article-title":"Optuna: a next-generation hyperparameter optimization framework.KDD","author":"Akiba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akiba T, Sano S, Yanase T, Ohta T, Koyama M. 2019. Optuna: a next-generation hyperparameter optimization framework.KDD. 19 Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining."},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89020-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gene-environment dependencies lead to collider bias in models with polygenic scores","volume":"11","author":"Akimova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.094052.109","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals","volume":"19","author":"Alexander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Research"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12949","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cognitive reserve as an outcome predictor: first-episode affective versus non-affective psychosis","volume":"138","author":"Amoretti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.04.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A description of the ABCD organizational structure and communication framework","volume":"32","author":"Auchter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1086\/705415","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Genetic endowments and wealth inequality","volume":"128","author":"Barth","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E7275","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1801238115","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Genetic analysis of social-class mobility in five longitudinal studies","volume":"115","author":"Belsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn103","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Social predictors of psychotic experiences: specificity and psychological mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Bentall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7195071","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Familial studies of intelligence: a review","volume":"212","author":"Bouchard","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2988","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Protective prevention effects on the association of poverty with brain development","volume":"171","author":"Brody","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797619847989","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The protective effects of supportive parenting on the relationship between adolescent poverty and resting-state functional brain connectivity during adulthood","volume":"30","author":"Brody","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23988","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Community violence exposure correlates with smaller gray matter volume and lower IQ in urban adolescents","volume":"39","author":"Butler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033460","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Childhood cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected siblings: a prospective cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Cannon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.5.449","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort","volume":"59","author":"Cannon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib18","type":"web-resource","article-title":"Health Impact in 5 years","author":"CDC","year":"2018","unstructured":"CDC. 2018. Health Impact in 5 years. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/policy\/hst\/hi5\/index.html [Accessed October 23, 2021]."},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1057\/s41270-020-00089-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for overall model fit indexes in generalized structured component analysis","volume":"8","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Analytics"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/bmsp.12255","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of factor- and component-based structural equation modelling approaches under (in)correct construct representations","volume":"75","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.2081","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ensuring the best use of data: the adolescent brain cognitive development study","volume":"173","author":"Compton","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21896","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Robust inference of population structure for ancestry prediction and correction of stratification in the presence of relatedness","volume":"39","author":"Conomos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genetic Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.11.022","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Model-free estimation of recent genetic relatedness","volume":"98","author":"Conomos","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291799002585","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neuropsychological change in young people at high risk for schizophrenia: results from the first two neuropsychological assessments of the Edinburgh High Risk Study","volume":"30","author":"Cosway","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6750a1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Health care, family, and community factors associated with mental, behavioral, and developmental disorders and poverty among children aged 2-8 years - United States, 2016","volume":"67","author":"Cree","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.2.31","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The technology of skill formation","volume":"97","author":"Cunha","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.1.100","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Saccadic disinhibition in patients with acute and remitted schizophrenia and their first-degree biological relatives","volume":"158","author":"Curtis","year":"2001","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3656","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Next-generation genotype imputation service and methods","volume":"48","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201588","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Genetics of intelligence","volume":"14","author":"Deary","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-00754-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigating the genetic architecture of noncognitive skills using GWAS-by-subtraction","volume":"53","author":"Demange","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/asap.12001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Best Practices in conceptualizing and measuring social class in psychological research","volume":"13","author":"Diemer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.03.013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neurocognitive deficits in the (putative) prodrome and first episode of psychosis","volume":"93","author":"Eastvold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3993","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Long-term changes in cognitive functioning in individuals with psychotic disorders","volume":"77","author":"Fett","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0081-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Heritability enrichment of specifically expressed genes identifies disease-relevant tissues and cell types","volume":"50","author":"Finucane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1992.10475190","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Generalized collinearity diagnostics","volume":"87","author":"Fox","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12985","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Beyond family-level adversities: exploring the developmental timing of neighborhood disadvantage effects on the brain","volume":"24","author":"Gard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291701003312","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis","volume":"31","author":"Garety","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-052582","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Preventing childhood toxic stress: partnering with families and communities to promote relational health","volume":"148","author":"Garner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09718-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polygenic prediction via Bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors","volume":"10","author":"Ge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.1475","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Association of child poverty, brain development, and academic achievement","volume":"169","author":"Hair","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01624-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Influence of polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and resilience on the cognition of individuals at-risk for psychosis","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1310","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Outcomes of childhood preventive intervention across 2 generations","volume":"174","author":"Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.03.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Parenting and salience network connectivity among African Americans: a protective pathway for health-risk behaviors","volume":"84","author":"Holmes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62036-X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Schizophrenia: an integrated sociodevelopmental-cognitive model","volume":"383","author":"Howes","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.28162.61127\/1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"GSCA Pro\u2014free stand-alone software for structural equation modeling","volume":"01","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000336","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An approach to structural equation modeling with both factors and components: Integrated generalized structured component analysis","volume":"26","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2201869119","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Social and genetic associations with educational performance in a Scandinavian welfare state","volume":"119","author":"Isungset","year":"2022","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib48","volume-title":"The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability","author":"Jensen","year":"1998","type":"book"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13081320","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cognitive capacity genome-wide polygenic scores identify individuals with slower cognitive decline in aging","volume":"13","author":"Joo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"bib50","volume-title":"PRELIS: A Program for Multivariate Data Screening and Data Summarization","author":"J\u00f6reskog","year":"1986","type":"book"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12411","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2001228117","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cognitive and brain development is independently influenced by socioeconomic status and polygenic scores for educational attainment","volume":"117","author":"Judd","year":"2020","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.1334","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Assessment of the prodromal questionnaire-brief child version for measurement of self-reported psychoticlike experiences in childhood","volume":"75","author":"Karcher","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000502","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An item response theory analysis of the prodromal questionnaire-brief child version: developing a screening form that informs understanding of self-reported psychotic-like experiences in childhood","volume":"129","author":"Karcher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.07.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and psychotic-like experiences in children aged 9\u201310","volume":"60","author":"Karcher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.06.012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Psychotic-like experiences and polygenic liability in the adolescent brain cognitive development study","volume":"7","author":"Karcher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.041","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A longitudinal study of neurocognitive function in individuals at-risk for psychosis","volume":"88","author":"Keefe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710001005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Psychotic-like experiences in the general population: characterizing a high-risk group for psychosis","volume":"41","author":"Kelleher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v074.i07","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Imputation with the R Package VIM","volume":"74","author":"Kowarik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbi060","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Schizophrenia and urbanicity: a major environmental influence--conditional on genetic risk","volume":"31","author":"Krabbendam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0512-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparative genetic architectures of schizophrenia in East Asian and European populations","volume":"51","author":"Lam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0147-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp143","type":"journal-article","article-title":"IQ trajectory, cognitive reserve, and clinical outcome following A first episode of psychosis: A 3-year longitudinal study","volume":"37","author":"Leeson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.0103","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Assessment of the role of IQ in associations between population density and deprivation and nonaffective psychosis","volume":"77","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3679","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Reference-based phasing using the Haplotype Reference Consortium panel","volume":"48","author":"Loh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1118003109","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Maternal support in early childhood predicts larger hippocampal volumes at school age","volume":"109","author":"Luby","year":"2012","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5742","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601443113","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Preschool is a sensitive period for the influence of maternal support on the trajectory of hippocampal development","volume":"113","author":"Luby","year":"2016","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0713-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Association of lead-exposure risk and family income with childhood brain outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Marshall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12336","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neurocognitive abilities in the general population and composite genetic risk scores for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"56","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac149","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Genetic and geographical associations with six dimensions of psychotic experiences in adolesence","volume":"49","author":"Maxwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2021.2023551","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Identifying effects of multiple treatments in the presence of unmeasured confounding","volume":"118","author":"Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3983","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Noble","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01016-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polygenic prediction of educational attainment within and between families from genome-wide association analyses in 3 million individuals","volume":"54","author":"Okbay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"bib73","type":"software","article-title":"Intell_Ple_Pathway","volume-title":"Software Heritage","author":"Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park J. 2024. Intell_Ple_Pathway. Software Heritage. swh:1:rev:c2e8f273b79833a0ce01380ed47897fd831e7b88. https:\/\/archive.softwareheritage.org\/swh:1:dir:ae6409796aa88f926645275070b82b0cb95aa3e7;origin=https:\/\/github.com\/Transconnectome\/Intell_PLE_Pathway;visit=swh:1:snp:4af519639403a1d5bf3b27528678311d7caa58af;anchor=swh:1:rev:c2e8f273b79833a0ce01380ed47897fd831e7b88."},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Motivation and Cognitive abilities as mediators between polygenic scores and psychopathology in children","volume":"61","author":"Pat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101933","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and child psychopathology in the United States: a meta-analysis of population-based studies","volume":"83","author":"Peverill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12719","type":"journal-article","article-title":"School climate is associated with cortical thickness and executive function in children and adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Piccolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.86.1.112","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Intelligence: genetics, genes, and genomics","volume":"86","author":"Plomin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2017.104","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The new genetics of intelligence","volume":"19","author":"Plomin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Genetics"},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.11.1053","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Children\u2019s self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder: a 15-year longitudinal study","volume":"57","author":"Poulton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.114.164350","type":"journal-article","article-title":"fastSTRUCTURE: variational inference of population structure in large SNP data sets","volume":"197","author":"Raj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.03.008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Associations between neighborhood disadvantage, resting-state functional connectivity, and behavior in the adolescent brain cognitive development study: the moderating role of positive family and school environments","volume":"6","author":"Rakesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"key":"bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.12.1297","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Elaboration on premorbid intellectual performance in schizophrenia","volume":"62","author":"Reichenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0372-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polygenic predictors of age-related decline in cognitive ability","volume":"25","author":"Ritchie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.046","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Genomic Dissection of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, including 28 subphenotypes","volume":"173","author":"Ruderfer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.62","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Schizophrenia and subsequent neighborhood deprivation: revisiting the social drift hypothesis using population, twin and molecular genetic data","volume":"6","author":"Sariaslan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2019.06.006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparing Within- and between-family polygenic score prediction","volume":"105","author":"Selzam","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0124-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polygenic risk for schizophrenia and measured domains of cognition in individuals with psychosis and controls","volume":"8","author":"Shafee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17302","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121259109","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Leveraging the biology of adversity to address the roots of disparities in health and development","volume":"109","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2307\/1412107","type":"journal-article","article-title":"General Intelligence","volume":"15","author":"Spearman","year":"1904","journal-title":"Objectively Determined and Measured. The American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cognitive reserve","volume":"47","author":"Stern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.23774","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Assessment of neighborhood poverty, cognitive function, and prefrontal and hippocampal volumes in children","volume":"3","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.12.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The structure of cognition in 9 and 10 year-old children and associations with problem behaviors: Findings from the ABCD study\u2019s baseline neurocognitive battery","volume":"36","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01130-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Associations of family income with cognition and brain structure in USA children: prevention implications","volume":"26","author":"Tomasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz066","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Associations between Neighborhood SES and Functional Brain Netwobetween neighborhrk Development","volume":"30","author":"Tooley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00457-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Environmental influences on the pace of brain development","volume":"22","author":"Tooley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796018000197","type":"journal-article","article-title":"\u201cFalse-positive\u201d self-reported psychotic experiences in the general population: an investigation of outcome, predictive factors and clinical relevance","volume":"28","author":"van der Steen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences"},{"key":"bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708003814","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for A psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder","volume":"39","author":"van Os","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20310","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Psychosis as a transdiagnostic and extended phenotype in the general population","volume":"15","author":"van Os","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2671","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cognitive decline preceding the onset of psychosis in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Vorstman","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13499","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cognitive, psychosocial, and behaviour gains at age 31 years from the Jamaica early childhood stimulation trial","volume":"63","author":"Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.01.008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Income change alters default mode network connectivity for adolescents in poverty","volume":"30","author":"Weissman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib102","type":"conference-paper","article-title":"Modeling tabular data using conditional GAN","author":"Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu L, Skoularidou M, Cuesta-Infante A, Veeramachaneni K. 2019. Modeling tabular data using conditional GAN. Proceedings of the 33rdInternational Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 33rd Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2019."},{"key":"bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax3710","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Deconstructing the sources of genotype-phenotype associations in humans","volume":"365","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/88117\/elife-88117-v2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/88117\/elife-88117-v2.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/88117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:39:14Z","timestamp":1787567954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/88117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.88117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.88117","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.12.28.21268440","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.12.28.21268440","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-same-as":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.88117.4","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-version-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.88117.1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.88117.2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.88117.3","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"uri","id":"https:\/\/archive.softwareheritage.org\/swh:1:dir:ae6409796aa88f926645275070b82b0cb95aa3e7;origin=https:\/\/github.com\/Transconnectome\/Intell_PLE_Pathway;visit=swh:1:snp:4af519639403a1d5bf3b27528678311d7caa58af;anchor=swh:1:rev:c2e8f273b79833a0ce01380ed47897fd831e7b88","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"single anonymised","name":"peer_review_transparency","label":"Peer review transparency","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"other reviewer(s), editor","name":"peer_review_interaction","label":"Peer review interaction","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"review summaries, review reports, author\/editor communication, reviewer identities reviewer opt in, editor identities","name":"peer_review_published","label":"Peer review published","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"open (sign in with ORCID iD required)","name":"post_publication_commenting","label":"Post publication commenting","group":{"name":"post_publication_commenting"}}],"article-number":"RP88117"}}