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However, excessive fear can impede normal biological processes and become harmful. This study investigates the neural mechanisms underlying two distinct forms of fear\u2014phasic and sustained\u2014in male and female mice, with a focus on the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling. Phasic fear is characterized by immediate responses to clear threats, while sustained fear is driven by ambiguous or uncertain cues and persists longer. Using rodent models, we found that sustained fear, modeled by partial fear conditioning, induced greater arousal and BNST activity in males, especially during ambiguous threat cues. In contrast, females exhibited reduced BNST and BNST\n                    <jats:sup>CRF<\/jats:sup>\n                    activity, highlighting significant sex differences in fear learning and expression. Additionally, CRF is crucial for appropriate fear response in females, as CRF knockdown led to increased fear responses, but had no effect in males. These sex-specific differences could help inform the development of targeted treatments for anxiety and trauma-related disorders, which disproportionately affect women.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.89189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T10:01:23Z","timestamp":1692871283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.89189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sex differences in BNST signaling and BNST CRF in fear processing"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Olivia J","family":"Hon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0130frc33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine","place":["Chapel Hill, United 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