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Oxygen isotopic compositions (\u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O) of tooth enamel are a direct method of reconstructing environmental variation experienced by an individual animal. Here, we utilize long-forming orangutan dentitions (\n                    <jats:italic>Pongo<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) to probe recent and ancient rainfall trends on a weekly basis over ~3\u201311 years per individual. We first demonstrate the lack of any consistent isotopic enrichment effect during exclusive nursing, supporting the use of primate first molar teeth as environmental proxies. Comparisons of \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O values (n=2016) in twelve molars from six modern Bornean and Sumatran orangutans reveal a high degree of overlap, with more consistent annual and bimodal rainfall patterns in the Sumatran individuals. Comparisons with fossil orangutan \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O values (n=955 measurements from six molars) reveal similarities between modern and late Pleistocene fossil Sumatran individuals, but differences between modern and late Pleistocene\/early Holocene Bornean orangutans. These suggest drier and more open environments with reduced monsoon intensity during this earlier period in northern Borneo, consistent with other Niah Caves studies and long-term speleothem \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O records in the broader region. This approach can be extended to test hypotheses about the paleoenvironments that early humans encountered in southeast Asia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.90217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T15:39:05Z","timestamp":1694533145000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.90217","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Oxygen isotopes in orangutan teeth reveal recent and ancient climate variation"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8175-8208","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tanya M","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sc3r913","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Griffith Centre for Social and Cultural Research, Griffith University","place":["Southport, 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