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However, most studies on\n                    <jats:italic>B. velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    have focused on the biocontrol of plant diseases, with few reports on antagonizing\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium infections. In this investigation, it was discovered that\n                    <jats:italic>B. velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    HBXN2020, which was isolated from healthy black pigs, possessed strong anti-stress and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Importantly,\n                    <jats:italic>B. velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    HBXN2020 did not cause any adverse side effects in mice when administered at various doses (1\u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 1\u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and 1\u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU) for 14 days. Supplementing\n                    <jats:italic>B. velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    HBXN2020 spores, either as a curative or preventive measure, dramatically reduced the levels of\n                    <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium ATCC14028 in the mice\u2019s feces, ileum, cecum, and colon, as well as the disease activity index (DAI), in a model of infection caused by this pathogen in mice. Additionally, supplementing\n                    <jats:italic>B. velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    HBXN2020 spores significantly regulated cytokine levels (\n                    <jats:italic>Tnfa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Il1b<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Il6<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Il10<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and maintained the expression of tight junction proteins and mucin protein. Most importantly, adding\n                    <jats:italic>B. velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    HBXN2020 spores to the colonic microbiota improved its stability and increased the amount of beneficial bacteria (\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). All together,\n                    <jats:italic>B. velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    HBXN2020 can improve intestinal microbiota stability and barrier integrity and reduce inflammation to help treat infection by\n                    <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.93423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T11:26:20Z","timestamp":1710242780000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.93423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bacillus velezensis HBXN2020 alleviates Salmonella Typhimurium infection in mice by improving intestinal barrier integrity and reducing inflammation"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Linkang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/023b72294","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Key Laboratory of 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