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However, how the translation system contributes to plant immunity is largely unknown. The evolutionarily conserved thiolation modification of transfer RNA (tRNA) ensures efficient decoding during translation. Here, we show that tRNA thiolation is required for plant immunity in\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We identify a\n                    <jats:italic>cgb<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant that is hyper-susceptible to the pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas syringae. CGB<\/jats:italic>\n                    encodes ROL5, a homolog of yeast NCS6 required for tRNA thiolation. ROL5 physically interacts with CTU2, a homolog of yeast NCS2. Mutations in either\n                    <jats:italic>ROL5<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>CTU2<\/jats:italic>\n                    result in loss of tRNA thiolation. Further analyses reveal that both transcriptome and proteome reprogramming during immune responses are compromised in\n                    <jats:italic>cgb<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Notably, the translation of salicylic acid receptor NPR1 is reduced in\n                    <jats:italic>cgb<\/jats:italic>\n                    , resulting in compromised salicylic acid signaling. Our study not only reveals a regulatory mechanism for plant immunity but also uncovers an additional biological function of tRNA thiolation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.93517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T06:15:15Z","timestamp":1706508915000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.93517","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The tRNA thiolation-mediated translational control is essential for plant immunity"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6204-7611","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xueao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Hongshan Laboratory","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/023b72294","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, 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