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However, it is not known which inputs are altered. Here, we used a rabies virus (RABV)-based mapping strategy to quantify RABV-labeled inputs to VTA cells after a single exposure to one of a variety of misused drugs \u2013 cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, morphine, and nicotine \u2013 and compared the relative global input labeling across conditions. We observed that all tested addictive drugs elicited similar input changes onto VTA\n                    <jats:sup>DA<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells, in particular onto DA cells projecting to the lateral shell of the nucleus accumbens and amygdala. In addition, repeated administration of ketamine\/xylazine to induce anesthesia induces a change in inputs to VTA\n                    <jats:sup>DA<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells that is similar to but different from those elicited by a single exposure to addictive drugs, suggesting that caution should be taken when using ketamine\/xylazine-based anesthesia in rodents when assessing motivated behaviors. Furthermore, comparison of viral tracing data to an atlas of gene expression in the adult mouse brain showed that the basal expression patterns of several gene classes, especially calcium channels, were highly correlated with the extent of both addictive drug- or ketamine\/xylazine-induced changes in RABV-labeled inputs to VTA\n                    <jats:sup>DA<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells. Reducing expression levels of the voltage-gated calcium channel\n                    <jats:italic>Cacna1e<\/jats:italic>\n                    in cells in the nucleus accumbens lateral shell reduced RABV-mediated input labeling of these cells into VTA\n                    <jats:sup>DA<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells. These results directly link genes controlling cellular excitability and the extent of input labeling by RABV.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.93664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T13:25:06Z","timestamp":1712582706000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.93664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Drug-induced changes in connectivity to midbrain dopamine cells revealed by rabies monosynaptic tracing"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Katrina","family":"Bartas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04gyf1771","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Program in Mathematical, Computational, and Systems Biology, University of California, Irvine","place":["Irvine, United 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