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This regimen achieved remarkable results as almost 90% of the multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant TB participants were cured but many patients also developed severe adverse events (AEs). The AEs were associated with the long-term administration of the protein synthesis inhibitor linezolid. Spectinamide 1599 is also a protein synthesis inhibitor of\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    with an excellent safety profile, but it lacks oral bioavailability. Here, we propose to replace L in the BPaL regimen with spectinamide (S) administered via inhalation and we demonstrate that inhaled spectinamide 1599, combined with BPa \u2013\u2013BPaS regimen\u2013\u2013has similar efficacy to that of the BPaL regimen while simultaneously avoiding the L-associated AEs. The BPaL and BPaS regimens were compared in the BALB\/c and C3HeB\/FeJ murine chronic TB efficacy models. After 4-weeks of treatment, both regimens promoted equivalent bactericidal effects in both TB murine models. However, treatment with BPaL resulted in significant weight loss and the complete blood count suggested the development of anemia. These effects were not similarly observed in mice treated with BPaS. BPaL and BPa, but not the BPaS treatment, also decreased myeloid to erythroid ratio suggesting the S in the BPaS regimen was able to recover this effect. Moreover, the BPaL also increased concentration of proinflammatory cytokines in bone marrow compared to mice receiving BPaS regimen. These combined data suggest that inhaled spectinamide 1599 combined with BPa is an effective TB regimen without L-associated AEs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.96190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T11:25:09Z","timestamp":1712921109000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.96190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A modified BPaL regimen for tuberculosis treatment replaces linezolid with inhaled spectinamides"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1889-5970","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Malik","family":"Zohaib Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03k1gpj17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University","place":["Fort Collins, United 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