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However, the intricate interaction between these distinct neural processes and their impact on decision behaviors remains unexplored. Here, we examined the interplay of these decision processes in posterior parietal cortex (PPC) when monkeys performed a flexible decision task. We found that the PPC activity related to monkeys\u2019 abstract decisions about visual stimuli was nonlinearly modulated by monkeys\u2019 following saccade choices directed outside each neuron\u2019s response field. Recurrent neural network modeling indicated that the feedback connections, matching the learned stimuli-response associations during the task, might mediate such feedback modulation. Further analysis on network dynamics revealed that selectivity-specific feedback connectivity intensified the attractor basins of population activity underlying saccade choices, thereby increasing the reliability of flexible decisions. These results highlight an iterative computation between different decision processes, mediated primarily by precise feedback connectivity, contributing to the optimization of flexible decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.96402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T10:26:58Z","timestamp":1718274418000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.96402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nonlinear feedback modulation contributes to the optimization of flexible decision-making"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8607-9381","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xuanyu","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02v51f717","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4517-1052","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02v51f717","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02v51f717","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02v51f717","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"PKU-IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024mw5h28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago","place":["Chicago, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.038","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Canonical microcircuits for predictive coding","volume":"76","author":"Bastos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4417-10.2011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Distinct representations of a perceptual decision and the associated oculomotor plan in the monkey lateral intraparietal area","volume":"31","author":"Bennur","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1109676","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Parallel and serial neural mechanisms for visual search in macaque area V4","volume":"308","author":"Bichot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0089-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Feedback determines the structure of correlated variability in primary visual cortex","volume":"21","author":"Bondy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib5","type":"software","article-title":"Demixed principal component analysis (dPCA)","volume-title":"GitHub","author":"Brendel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brendel W, Kobak D, Boulay C, Guan C, Williams A. 2020. 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