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And yet, its classic purview is restricted taxonomically to the subset of organisms with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. I propose explicit acknowledgement of generalized hypotheses about Haldane\u2019s rule that frame sex bias in hybrid dysfunction broadly and irrespective of the sexual system. The consensus view of classic Haldane\u2019s rule holds that sex-biased hybrid dysfunction across taxa is a composite phenomenon that requires explanations from multiple causes. Testing of the multiple alternative hypotheses for Haldane\u2019s rule is, in many cases, applicable to taxa with homomorphic sex chromosomes, environmental sex determination, haplodiploidy, and hermaphroditism. Integration of a variety of biological phenomena about hybrids across diverse sexual systems, beyond classic Haldane\u2019s rule, will help to derive a more general understanding of the contributing forces and mechanisms that lead to predictable sex biases in evolutionary divergence and speciation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.96652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T14:16:05Z","timestamp":1722953765000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.96652","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Beyond Haldane\u2019s rule: Sex-biased hybrid dysfunction for all modes of sex determination"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7141-0013","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Asher D","family":"Cutter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dbr7087","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1401","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Intra-locus sexual conflict and sexually antagonistic genetic variation in hermaphroditic animals","volume":"278","author":"Abbott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings. 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