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The degree to which these cells interact in response to CNS damage is poorly understood, and even less so, in the neural retina, which poses a challenge for high-resolution imaging in vivo. In this study, we deploy fluorescence adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) to study microglia and neutrophils in mice. We simultaneously track immune cell dynamics using label-free phase-contrast AOSLO at micron-level resolution. Retinal lesions were induced with 488 nm light focused onto photoreceptor (PR) outer segments. These lesions focally ablated PRs, with minimal collateral damage to cells above and below the plane of focus. We used in vivo AOSLO, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to reveal the natural history of the microglial and neutrophil response from minutes to months after injury. While microglia showed dynamic and progressive immune response with cells migrating into the injury locus within 1 day after injury, neutrophils were not recruited despite close proximity to vessels carrying neutrophils only microns away. Post-mortem confocal microscopy confirmed in vivo findings. This work illustrates that microglial activation does not recruit neutrophils in response to acute, focal loss of PRs, a condition encountered in many retinal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.98662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T13:25:16Z","timestamp":1730294716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.98662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Photoreceptor loss does not recruit neutrophils despite strong microglial activation"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3362-1589","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Derek","family":"Power","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/022kthw22","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester","place":["Rochester, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/022kthw22","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester","place":["Rochester, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6694-5929","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Justin","family":"Elstrott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04gndp242","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc","place":["South San Francisco, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6337-4187","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jesse","family":"Schallek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/022kthw22","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester","place":["Rochester, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/022kthw22","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester","place":["Rochester, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/022kthw22","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester","place":["Rochester, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200409","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neutrophil cerebrovascular transmigration triggers rapid neurotoxicity through release of proteases associated with decondensed DNA","volume":"189","author":"Allen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bib2","type":"web-resource","article-title":"Current ROP Therapies: How Laser and Anti-VEGF Compare","author":"American Academy of Ophthalmology","year":"2014","unstructured":"American Academy of Ophthalmology. 2014. 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