{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:26:31Z","timestamp":1787567191349,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Culture and Science of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia","award":["iBehave network"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["iBehave network"]}]},{"award":["iBehave network"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["iBehave network"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007s7nj58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Research Foundation \"Structure, Plasticity and Behavioral function of the Drosophila Mushroom Body\"","award":["DFG-FOR 2705 grant no. 365082554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG-FOR 2705 grant no. 365082554"]}]},{"award":["DFG-FOR 2705 grant no. 365082554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG-FOR 2705 grant no. 365082554"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"RTG \"Neural Circuit Analysis\"","award":["DFG-RTG 1960 grant no. 233886668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG-RTG 1960 grant no. 233886668"]}]},{"award":["DFG-RTG 1960 grant no. 233886668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG-RTG 1960 grant no. 233886668"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    larva is extensively used as a model organism in neuroethological studies where precise behavioral tracking enables the statistical analysis of individual and population-level behavioral metrics that can inform mathematical models of larval behavior. Here, we propose a hierarchical model architecture comprising three layers to facilitate modular model construction, closed-loop simulations, and direct comparisons between empirical and simulated data. At the motor layer, the autonomous locomotory model is capable of performing exploration. Based on novel kinematic analyses, our model features intermittent forward crawling that is phasically coupled to lateral bending. At the second layer, navigation is achieved via active sensing in a simulated environment, and top-down modulation of locomotion. At the top layer, behavioral adaptation entails associative learning. We evaluate virtual larval behavior across agent-based simulations of autonomous free exploration, chemotaxis, and odor preference testing. Our behavioral architecture is ideally suited for the modular combination of neuromechanical, neural, or mere statistical model components, facilitating their evaluation, comparison, extension, and integration into multifunctional control architectures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.104262.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T07:50:43Z","timestamp":1786953043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.104262.3","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A behavioral architecture for realistic simulations of Drosophila larva locomotion and foraging"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1033-5387","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Panagiotis Parthenios","family":"Sakagiannis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rcxh774","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Computational Systems Neuroscience, University of Cologne","place":["Cologne, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7871-1887","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna-Maria","family":"J\u00fcrgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rcxh774","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Computational Systems Neuroscience, University of Cologne","place":["Cologne, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4133-6419","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin Paul","family":"Nawrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rcxh774","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Computational Systems Neuroscience, University of Cologne","place":["Cologne, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.156646","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The Ol1mpiad: concordance of behavioural faculties of stage 1 and stage 3 Drosophila larvae","volume":"220","author":"Almeida-Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.07.048","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Autonomous circuitry for substrate exploration in freely moving Drosophila larvae","volume":"22","author":"Berni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.03.023","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Genetic dissection of a regionally differentiated network for exploratory behavior in Drosophila larvae","volume":"25","author":"Berni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib4","type":"dissertation","article-title":"PhD thesis: Dynamic approach to behavior-based robotics: design, specification, analysis, simulation and implementation","author":"Bicho","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bicho E. 1999. 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