{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T21:37:17Z","timestamp":1764020237908},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Obesity and climate change conspire to create an environment in which subclinical vascular inflammation leads to progressive atherosclerosis, which contributes to the number 1 cause of global mortality: cardiovascular disease. The syndemic model requires 2 or more diseases or contributors to disease (such as obesity and climate change) clustering within a specific population in addition to the associated societal and social factors, ultimately creating an environment supportive of a greater adverse interaction. This article explores the syndemic of obesity and climate change as a driver for cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2018.157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]],"date-time":"2018-11-06T18:28:46Z","timestamp":1541528926000},"page":"719-729","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cardiovascular Disease as a Result of the Interactions Between Obesity, Climate Change, and Inflammation: The COCCI Syndemic"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Clearfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glenn","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Weis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Gayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay H.","family":"Shubrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_001"},{"issue":"25","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a","article-title":"ACC\/AHA Guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.","volume":"129","author":"Stone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.284427","article-title":"2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) [published correction appears in JAMA. 2014;311(17):1809.]","volume":"311","author":"James","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"18","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1302783","article-title":"Smoking related mortality in the United States","volume":"368","author":"Thun","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10082","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30819-X","article-title":"Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis form the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"389","author":"GBD 2015 Tobacco Collaborators.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"25","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1410489","article-title":"Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes","volume":"372","author":"Cannon","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0807646","article-title":"Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein","volume":"359","author":"Ridker","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1615664","article-title":"Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"376","author":"Sabatine","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1600176","article-title":"Cholesterol lowering in intermediate risk persons without cardiovascular disease","volume":"374","author":"Yusef","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1706444","article-title":"Effects of anacetrapib in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease","volume":"377","author":"Bowman","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.4150","article-title":"Trends and patterns of geographic variation in cardiovascular mortality among US counties 1980-2014","volume":"317","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_012"},{"key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_013","unstructured":"Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service.\n          \n          Washington, DC: US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare; 1964."},{"key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of high blood pressure: a cooperative study.\n          \n            JAMA.\n          1977;237(3):255-261. doi:10.1001\/jama.1977.03270300059008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.237.3.255"},{"key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program: Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. The Expert Panel.\n          \n            Arch Intern Med.\n          1988;148(1):36-69.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.148.1.36"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-1753","article-title":"Cardiovascular mortality associated with 5 leading risk factors: national and state preventable fractions estimated from survey data","volume":"163","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.02.615","article-title":"Very low levels of atherogenic lipoproteins and the risk for cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of statin trials","volume":"64","author":"Boekholdt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1511939","article-title":"A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control","volume":"373","author":"Research Group","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-1895","article-title":"Cardiometabolic abnormalities among normal-weight persons from five racial\/ethnic groups in the United States: a cross sectional analysis of two cohort studies","volume":"166","author":"Gujral","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0456-8","article-title":"Current perspectives on cardiovascular outcome trials in diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Schnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2013.08.001","article-title":"High density lipoproteins: a consensus statement from the National Lipid Association","volume":"7","author":"Toth","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.31","article-title":"Hypertriglyceridaemia and risk of coronary artery disease","volume":"14","author":"Reiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143","article-title":"Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report.","volume":"106","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.887521","article-title":"Impact of body mass index and the metabolic syndrome on the risk of cardiovascular disease and death in middle-aged men","volume":"121","author":"Arnlov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.05.010","article-title":"Relation of the number of metabolic syndrome risk factors with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality","volume":"102","author":"Ho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"issue":"14","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.05.034","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Motollo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/S0828-282X(09)70715-9","article-title":"2009 Canadian Cardiovascular Society\/Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult\u20142009 recommendations","volume":"25","author":"Genest","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.4158\/EP14280.PS","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology position statement on the 2014 advanced framework for a new diagnosis of obesity as a chronic disease.","volume":"20","author":"Garvey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Pract."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-11-201312030-00008","article-title":"Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions? a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"159","author":"Kramer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs174","article-title":"The intriguing metabolically healthy but obese phenotype: cardiovascular prognosis and role of fitness","volume":"34","author":"Ortega","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"issue":"10","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-014-0441-1","article-title":"Metabolically healthy obesity\u2014does it exist?","volume":"16","author":"Boonchaya-anant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-013-0635-2","article-title":"Determinants of the transition from cardiometabolic normal to abnormal overweight\/obese phenotype in a Spanish population","volume":"53","author":"Schr\u00f6der","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2525","article-title":"Normal-weight central obesity: implications for total and cardiovascular mortality","volume":"163","author":"Sahakyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.11909\/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.02.008","article-title":"Novel biomarkers for cardiovascular risk prediction","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Geriatr Cardiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.6.611","article-title":"Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score","volume":"297","author":"Ridker","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10051","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30370-1","article-title":"Does physical activity attenuate or even eliminate the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? a harmonized meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women [published correction appears in Lancet. 2016;388(10051):e6. doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31677-4]. Lancet","volume":"388","author":"Ekelund","year":"2016"},{"issue":"22","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.814251","article-title":"C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction","volume":"118","author":"Ridker","year":"2008","journal-title":"the Reynolds risk score for men. Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306656","article-title":"From C-reactive protein to interleukin-6 to interleukin-1","volume":"118","author":"Ridker","year":"2016","journal-title":"moving upstream to identify novel targets for atheroprotection. Circ Res"},{"issue":"18","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.18.2063","article-title":"High attributable risk of elevated C-reactive protein level to conventional coronary heart risk factors","volume":"165","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43016","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43016","article-title":"Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from smokers release higher levels of IL-1-like cytokines after exposure to combustion-generated ultrafine particles","volume":"7","author":"De Falco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425917699864","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution from the city of Quito, Ecuador, activates inflammatory signaling in vitro","volume":"23","author":"Cavellos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innate Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.04.006","article-title":"Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Esser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000426","article-title":"Particulate air pollution and clinical cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"27","author":"Shanley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-010-0122-7","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and atherosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"issue":"9767","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62296-9","article-title":"Public health importance of triggers of myocardial infarction: a comparative risk assessment","volume":"377","author":"Nawrot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10045","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00378-0","article-title":"Association between air pollution and coronary artery calcification with six metropolitan areas in the USA (the Multi-Ethnic study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution): a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"388","author":"Kaufman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"121","author":"Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10082","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","article-title":"Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015 [published correction appears in Lancet","volume":"389","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"2018;391(10130):1576. doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30900]. Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104660","article-title":"Chronic exposure to fine particles and mortality: an extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study from 1974 to 2009","volume":"120","author":"Lepeule","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"47","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18866","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702737104","article-title":"Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks","volume":"104","author":"Canadell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94431","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094431","article-title":"National patterns in environmental injustice and inequality outdoor NO2 air pollution in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2765","article-title":"Disparities in environmental exposures to endorcrine-distrupting chemicals and diabetes risk in vulnerable populations","volume":"41","author":"Ruiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu250","article-title":"Air pollution as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes","volume":"143","author":"Rao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"10002","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00426-2","article-title":"Environmental pollution, health and development: a Lancet-Global alliance on health and pollution-Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Commission","volume":"386","author":"Landrigan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10072","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30003-X","article-title":"Syndemics and the biosocial conception of health","volume":"389","author":"Singer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7554","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7554.1385","article-title":"Healthy response to climate change","volume":"332","author":"Scott","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196707272770405","article-title":"Dietary fats, carbohydrates and atherosclerotic vascular disease","volume":"277","author":"McGandy","year":"1967","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.5394","article-title":"Sugar industry and coronary heart disease research: a historical analysis of internal industry documents","volume":"176","author":"Kearns","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"7383","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/482027a","article-title":"Public health: the toxic truth about sugar","volume":"482","author":"Lustig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042010-113026","article-title":"Role of fructose-containing sugars in the epidemics of obesity and metabolic syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Stanhope","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years","volume":"377","author":"Afshin","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10053","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31679-8","article-title":"Global, regional and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-008-0041-z","article-title":"Another inconvenient truth: combining the risks from obesity and metabolic syndrome with global warming","volume":"10","author":"Clearfield","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2008.00542.x","article-title":"Should obesity be the main game? or do we need an environmental makeover to combat the inflammatory and chronic disease epidemics?","volume":"10","author":"Egger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obes Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-013-0380-2","article-title":"The \u201cnew deadly quartet\u201d for cardiovascular disease in the 21st century: obesity, metabolic syndrome, inflammation and climate change: how does statin therapy fit into this equation?","volume":"16","author":"Clearfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep."},{"issue":"21","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.6458","article-title":"Trends in obesity among adults in the United States 2005 to 2014","volume":"315","author":"Flegal","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10119","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32345-0","article-title":"The Lancet Commission on pollution and health [published correction appears in: Lancet","volume":"391","author":"Landrigan","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018;391(10119):430]. Lancet"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2012-0012","article-title":"Effect of particulate matter air pollution on C-reactive protein: a review of epidemiologic studies","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Environ Health"},{"issue":"26","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1702747","article-title":"Air pollution and mortality in the Medicare population","volume":"376","author":"Di","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015739","article-title":"Ambient PM2.5 and stroke: effect modifiers and population attributable risk in six low- and middle-income counties","volume":"48","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7372.1094","article-title":"Hotspots in climate change and human health.","volume":"325","author":"Patz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12551","article-title":"Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process","volume":"18","author":"Bray","year":"2017","journal-title":"a position statement of the World Obesity Federation. Obes Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.159491","article-title":"Obesity stigma: important considerations for public health","volume":"100","author":"Puhl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-2766","article-title":"Climate change and health: a position paper of the American College of Physicians","volume":"164","author":"Crowly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_076","volume-title":"A Physician's Guide to Climate Change, Health and Equity","year":"2016"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_077","first-page":"e146","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics 2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association [published correction appears in: Circulation. 2017;135(10):e646]. Circulation","volume":"135","author":"Benjamin","year":"2017"},{"issue":"10072","key":"2022022617043632192_j_jaoa.2018.157_ref_078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30402-6","article-title":"Syndemics 3: non-communicable disease syndemics: poverty, depression, and diabetes among low-income populations","volume":"389","author":"Mendenhall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Journal of Osteopathic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.7556\/jaoa.2018.157\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.7556\/jaoa.2018.157\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T17:05:31Z","timestamp":1645895131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.7556\/jaoa.2018.157\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.7556\/jaoa.2018.157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7556\/jaoa.2018.157","relation":{},"ISSN":["2702-3648"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2702-3648","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]}}}