{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:00:23Z","timestamp":1787032823145,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Context<\/jats:title>\n Burnout is a psychological syndrome that results from prolonged exposure to stressful work activities and includes 3 dimensions: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and low sense of personal accomplishment (PA). Burnout is a widespread problem in numerous professions but is particularly high among medical students, residents, and early-career physicians compared with college graduates of similar age. However, minimal research has addressed burnout in osteopathic medical students.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To assess levels of burnout in osteopathic medical students and to examine the relationship among burnout, perceived stress, sleep quality, and smartphone use.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This study used a cross-sectional study design and an anonymous, electronic questionnaire service to administer the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale-4, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index, and the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 385 participants (mean [SD] age, 25 [2.4] years; 208 [54.0%] women; 286 [74.3%] white; 138 [35.8%] second-year osteopathic medical students [OMSs]) completed the survey. Of the 385 participants, 9 (2.3%) reported high EE, 67 (17.4) reported high DP, and 310 (80.5) reported a high level of low PA. When comparing dimensions of burnout by gender, only levels of PA differed by gender, with men reporting higher levels of burnout compared with women (\u03c7\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n =5.2,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.022). Further, levels of DP differed by year in medical school (\u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n =17.3,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.008), with post-hoc comparisons showing differences between OMS I and OMS III (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n =4.530,\n df<\/jats:italic>\n =3,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.004). Linear regression models showed that higher perceived stress (standardized \u03b2=0.5,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001), poorer sleep quality (standardized \u03b2=0.2,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.001), and higher smartphone addiction scores (standardized \u03b2=0.1,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001) were associated with higher EE. Similarly, higher perceived stress (standardized \u03b2=0.2,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001), poorer sleep quality (standardized \u03b2=0.2,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.001), and higher smartphone addiction scores (standardized \u03b2=0.2,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.001) were associated with higher DP. Only higher perceived stress was associated with higher levels of low PA (standardized \u03b2=\u22120.4,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n These findings suggest independent associations with EE, DP, perceived stress, sleep quality, and smartphone use. Additional research with a larger, more diverse sample is needed to confirm these findings. If confirmed, wellness interventions can be designed to target 2 modifiable factors: sleep quality and smartphone use.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2020.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T10:31:14Z","timestamp":1578306674000},"page":"6-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Burnout, Perceived Stress, Sleep Quality, and Smartphone Use: A Survey of Osteopathic Medical Students"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Brubaker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Beverly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_001_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ab1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20311","article-title":"Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry","volume":"15","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_002_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ab2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0185781","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185781","article-title":"Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: a systematic review of prospective studies","volume":"12","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_003_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ab3Aa","first-page":"334","article-title":"Burnout and suicidal ideation among U","volume":"149","year":"2008","journal-title":"S. medical students. Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"e12869","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_004_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ab4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12869","article-title":"Associations between sleep disturbances, mental health outcomes and burnout in firefighters, and the mediating role of sleep during overnight work: a cross-sectional study","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"82","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_005_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ab5Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-82","article-title":"Organizational stressors associated with job stress and burnout in correctional officers: a systematic review","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_006_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ab6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3182392c26","article-title":"Secondary traumatic stress in attorneys and their administrative support staff working with trauma-exposed clients","volume":"199","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_007_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ab7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0136955","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136955","article-title":"The prevalence of compassion fatigue and burnout among healthcare professionals in intensive care units: a systematic review","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_008_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ab8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000134","article-title":"S. medical students, residents, and early career physicians relative to the general U","volume":"89","year":"2014","journal-title":"S. population. Acad Med"},{"key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_009_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ab9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030020205","article-title":"The measurement of experienced burnout","volume":"2","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Occup Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_010_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.12014","article-title":"Burnout in medical students: a systematic review","volume":"10","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Teach"},{"issue":"13","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_011_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac11Aa","first-page":"1","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"18","year":"2011","journal-title":"Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adults aged \u2265"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_012_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac12Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4103\/ipj.ipj_20_18","article-title":"A study of relationship between perceived stress, coping pattern, burnout, and general psychopathology among the postgraduate medical students","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind Psychiatry J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_013_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac13Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s40596-016-0526-y","article-title":"Inadequate sleep and exercise associated with burnout and depression among medical students","volume":"41","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_014_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac14Aa","first-page":"100","article-title":"Mobile usage and sleep patterns among medical students","volume":"58","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_015_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac15Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.42.3.5","article-title":"Evaluation of nighttime media use and sleep patterns in first-semester college students","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_016_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac16Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s40596-015-0375-0","article-title":"Factors modifying burnout in osteopathic medical students","volume":"40","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_017_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac17Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.5801.eac4","article-title":"Impostor syndrome and burnout among American medical students: a pilot study","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Med Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_018_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac18Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-16-00372.1","article-title":"Efficacy of interventions to reduce resident physician burnout: a systematic review","volume":"9","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Grad Med Educ"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_019_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac19Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2010.03736.x","article-title":"Developmental challenges, stressors and coping strategies in medical residents: a qualitative analysis of support groups","volume":"44","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_020_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac20Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s40596-018-0939-x","article-title":"Exploring the association between electronic health record use and burnout among psychiatry residents and faculty: a pilot survey study","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acad Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_021_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac21Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V45N10p471","article-title":"Stress and burnout among physicians: prevalence and risk factors in a Singaporean internal medicine programme","volume":"45","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_022_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac22Aa","volume-title":"A Crisis in Health Care: A Call to Action on Physician Burnout. Waltham","year":"2018"},{"issue":"50","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_023_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac23Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5629","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005629","article-title":"Burnout in the intensive care unit professionals: a systematic review","volume":"95","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_024_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac24Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1418490112","article-title":"Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness","volume":"112","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_025_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac25Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.10.036","article-title":"Telecommunication devices use, screen time and sleep in adolescents","volume":"171","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_026_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac26Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.02.006","article-title":"Reading from an iPad or from a book in bed: the impact on human sleep. a randomized controlled crossover trial","volume":"21","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_027_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac27Aa","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Leiter MP. Maslach burnout inventory manual. In: Zalaquett CP, Wood RJ, eds. Evaluating Stress: A Book of Resources","year":"1996","edition":"3rd ed"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_028_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac28Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress","volume":"24","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_029_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac29Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.2478\/S13382-012-0024-8","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the French versions of the Perceived Stress Scale","volume":"25","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"issue":"513","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_030_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac30Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-513","article-title":"Three versions of Perceived Stress Scale: validation in a sample of Chinese cardiac patients who smoke","volume":"10","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_031_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac31Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_032_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac32Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83558","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083558","article-title":"The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_033_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac33Aa","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Burnout syndrome in an international setting. In: Bahrer-Kohler S, ed. Burnout for Experts: Prevention in the Context of Living and Working","year":"2013"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_034_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac34Aa","first-page":"589","article-title":"Physicians' burnout and factors in southern ethiopia affecting it","volume":"28","year":"2018 Sep","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_035_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac35Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6955-10-9","article-title":"High rates of burnout among maternal health staff at a referral hospital in Malawi: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"issue":"193","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_036_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac36Aa","article-title":"Potential correlates of burnout among general practitioners and residents in Hungary: the significant role of gender, age, dependant care and experience","volume":"19","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"issue":"16","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_037_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac37Aa","article-title":"Burnout and training satisfaction of medical residents in Greece: will the European Work Time Directive make a difference?","volume":"8","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Resources Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_038_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac38Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1247","article-title":"Quality of life, burnout, educational debt, and medical knowledge among internal medicine residents","volume":"306","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_039_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac39Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2923.2002.01328.x","article-title":"Medical students' personality characteristics and academic performance: a five-factor model perspective","volume":"36","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_040_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac40Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-017-1064-3","article-title":"Burnout in medical students: a systematic review of experiences in Chinese medical schools","volume":"17","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_041_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac41Aa","volume-title":"and Coping","year":"1984"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_042_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac42Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-016-0841-8","article-title":"Perceived stress in first year medical students - associations with personal resources and emotional distress","volume":"17","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_043_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac43Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.55e6.0d44","article-title":"The relationships between empathy, stress and social support among medical students","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Med Educ"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_044_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac44Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2010.03754.x","article-title":"Factors associated with resilience to and recovery from burnout: a prospective, multi-institutional study of US medical students","volume":"44","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_045_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac45Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2011.597770","article-title":"The prevalence and correlations of medical student burnout in the pre-clinical years: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_046_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac46Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027518","article-title":"Insufficient sleep predicts clinical burnout","volume":"17","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_047_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac47Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e361","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.361","article-title":"Burnout and sleep quality: a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study of medical and non-medical students in India","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_048_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac48Aa","article-title":"Expanding the definition of addiction: DSM-5 vs","volume":"11","journal-title":"ICD"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_049_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac49Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20115","volume":"13","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Psych"},{"key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_050_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac50Aa","first-page":"817","article-title":"Latent class analysis on internet and smartphone addiction in college students","volume":"10","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_051_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac51Aa","article-title":"The relationship between smartphone addiction and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity in South Korean adolescents","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_052_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac52Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2017.1370641","article-title":"Association between psychological and self-assessed health status and smartphone overuse among Korean college students","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_053_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac53Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56936","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056936","article-title":"Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS)","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_054_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac54Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.12.062","article-title":"Avoidance or boredom: negative mental health outcomes associated with use of information and communication technologies depend on users\u2019 motivations","volume":"58","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_055_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac55Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1503-z","article-title":"Gender differences in factors associated with smartphone addiction: a cross-sectional study among medical college students","volume":"17","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_056_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac56Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_59_18","article-title":"Addiction-like behavior associated with mobile phone usage among medical students in Delhi","volume":"40","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_057_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac57Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.344.15294","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with smartphone addiction among medical students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah","volume":"34","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_058_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac58Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12493","DOI":"10.2196\/12493","article-title":"Technological interventions for medication adherence in adult mental health and substance use disorders: a systematic review","volume":"6","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_059_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac59Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13202","DOI":"10.2196\/13202","article-title":"Transdiagnostic mobile health: smartphone intervention reduces depressive symptoms in people with mood and psychotic disorders","volume":"6","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021032621215493724_j_jaoa.2020.004_ref_060_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2ac60Aa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.3713","article-title":"Association between physician burnout and patient safety, professionalism, and patient satisfaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"178","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Osteopathic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.7556\/jaoa.2020.004\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.7556\/jaoa.2020.004\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T22:41:17Z","timestamp":1665355277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.7556\/jaoa.2020.004\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.7556\/jaoa.2020.004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7556\/jaoa.2020.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2702-3648"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2702-3648","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]}}}