{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T11:33:41Z","timestamp":1793446421763,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The deer ked (Lipoptena cervi), a hematophagous ectoparasite of cervids, is currently spreading in Scandinavia, and the moose (Alces alces) is its main host. However, little is known about the impact of deer keds on moose. We analyzed the hair cortisol concentration (HCC) from 262 moose harvested in the fall in relation to age class, sex, body mass (BM), and deer ked infestation intensity, and BM in relation to age class, sex, and infestation intensity. We found that HCC decreased with increasing deer ked intensity at low ked intensities, but for the higher levels of ked intensities, there was a positive relationship between HCC and ked intensity. The HCC was higher in males than in females and lower in yearlings than in calves and adults. Our failure to find any association between BM and deer ked intensity suggested a negligible impact of deer ked infestation on moose foraging and metabolism at the level of infestation observed early in the infestation, but did not exclude an effect later in winter. Our findings suggested that moose generally tolerated moderate parasitism by keds. However, the increase in HCC at higher ked intensities suggested that the tolerance strategy could be disrupted with further increases in intensities and consequently may negatively affect animal health and welfare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/2019-07-185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T10:39:58Z","timestamp":1584700798000},"page":"687-692","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Hair Cortisol Concentration and Body Mass in Moose (Alces alces) Infested with Deer Keds (Lipoptena cervi)"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Knut","family":"Madslien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Food Safety, PO Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solveig Marie","family":"Stubsj\u00f8en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Food Safety, PO Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hildegunn","family":"Viljugrein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Food Safety, PO Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f8rnar","family":"Ytrehus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Food Safety, PO Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erling Johan","family":"Solberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, PO Box 5685 Torgard, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Kapronczai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atle","family":"Mysterud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Godfroid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT\u2013the Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, NO-9037, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Janz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Cattet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RGL Recovery Wildlife Health & Veterinary Services, 415 Mount Allison Crescent, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7H 4A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"20","unstructured":"et al.  \"R: A language and environment for statistical computing.\"  ,  (2019)"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SA. Allan,  \"Parasitic disease of wild mammals.\"  , \"Biting flies (class Insecta: order Diptera).\" 18 (2001)","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470377000.ch2"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"J. Bequaert,  \"Entomol Am.\"  22, \"A monograph of the Melophaginae or ked flies of sheep, goats, deer and antelopes (Diptera, Hippoboscidae).\" 1 (1942)"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Bonier, PR Martin, IT Moore, et al.  \"Trends Ecol Evol.\"  24, \"Do baseline glucocorticoids predict fitness?\" 634 (2009)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.04.013"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Di Francesco, N Navarro-Gonzalez, K Wynne-Edwards, et al.  \"Conserv Physiol.\"  5, \"Qiviut cortisol in muskoxen as a potential tool for informing conservation strategies.\" cox052 (2017)","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/cox052"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MJ Dickens  and LM Romero  \"Gen Comp Endocrinol.\"  191, \"A consensus endocrine profile for chronically stressed wild animals does not exist.\" 177 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2013.06.014"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EJ Goldstein, JJ Millspaugh, BE Washburn, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  41, \"Relationships among fecal lungworm loads, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, and lamb recruitment in free-ranging Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep.\" 416 (2005)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.2.416"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Ito, T Ito, A Kromminga, et al.  \"FASEB J.\"  19, \"Human hair follicles display a functional equivalent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and synthesize cortisol.\" 1332 (2005)","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-1968fje"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Keckeis, M Lepschy, H Sch\u00f6pper, et al.  \"J Comp Physiol B.\"  182, \"Hair cortisol: A parameter of chronic stress? Insights from a radiometabolism study in guinea pigs.\" 985 (2012)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-012-0674-7"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Koren, H Bryan, D Matas, et al.  \"J Appl Ecol.\"  56, \"Towards the validation of endogenous steroid testing in wildlife hair.\" 547 (2019)","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13306"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SM Kynk\u00e4\u00e4nniemi, M Kettu, R Kortet, et al.  \"Parasitol Res.\"  113, \"Acute impacts of the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) infestation on reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) behaviour.\" 1489 (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3790-3"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BJ Macbeth, MRL Cattet, GB Stenhouse, et al.  \"Can J Zool.\"  88, \"Hair cortisol concentration as a noninvasive measure of long-term stress in free-ranging grizzly bears (Ursus arctos): Considerations with implications for other wildlife.\" 935 (2010)","DOI":"10.1139\/Z10-057"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Madslien, B Ytrehus, T Vik\u00f8ren, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  47, \"Hair-loss epizootic in moose (Alces alces) associated with massive deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) infestation.\" 893 (2011)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.4.893"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Madslien, B Ytrehus, H Viljugrein, et al.  \"Parasit Vectors.\"  5, \"Factors affecting deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) prevalence and infestation intensity in moose (Alces alces) in Norway.\" 251 (2012)","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-251"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Mislan, AE Derocher, VL Louis, et al.  \"Ecol Indic.\"  71, \"Assessing stress in Western Hudson Bay polar bears using hair cortisol concentration as a biomarker.\" 47 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.06.034"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Paakkonen, AM Mustonen, R K\u00e4kel\u00e4, et al.  \"Parasitol Res.\"  111, \"The effects of an abundant ectoparasite, the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi), on the health of moose (Alces alces) in Finland.\" 1223 (2012)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-2956-0"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Pawluski, P Jego, S Henry, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  12, \"Low plasma cortisol and fecal cortisol metabolite measures as indicators of compromised welfare in domestic horses (Equus caballus).\" e0182257 (2017)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182257"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Salaberger, M Millard, SE Makarem, et al.  \"Gen Comp Endocrinol.\"  233, \"Influence of external factors on hair cortisol concentrations.\" 73 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2016.05.005"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SM Stubsj\u00f8en, J Bohlin, E Dahl, et al.  \"Small Rumin Res.\"  132, \"Assessment of chronic stress in sheep (part I): The use of cortisol and cortisone in hair as non-invasive biological markers.\" 25 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2015.09.015"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Wallin, G Cederlund, A Pehrson,  \"Wildl Biol.\"  2, \"Predicting body mass from chest circumference in moose Alces alces.\" 53 (1996)","DOI":"10.2981\/wlb.1996.008"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AM Carlsson, G Mastromonaco, E Vandervalk, et al.  \"Conserv Physiol.\"  4, \"Parasites, stress and reindeer: Infection with abomasal nematodes is not associated with elevated glucocorticoid levels in hair or faeces.\" cow058 (2016)","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/cow058"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Cattet, BJ Macbeth, DM Janz, et al.  \"Conserv Physiol.\"  2, \"Quantifying long-term stress in brown bears with the hair cortisol concentration: A biomarker that may be confounded by rapid changes in response to capture and handling.\" cou026 (2014)","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/cou026"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KP Burnham  and DR Anderson  \"Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach.\"  , 488 (2003)","DOI":"10.1007\/b97636"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jwildlifedis.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.7589\/2019-07-185","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T11:16:53Z","timestamp":1793445413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-56\/issue-3\/2019-07-185\/Hair-Cortisol-Concentration-and-Body-Mass-in-Moose-Alces-alces\/10.7589\/2019-07-185.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/2019-07-185","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]}}}