{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T11:30:20Z","timestamp":1793446220235,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Before 2001, all serosurveys for morbilliviruses in sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in California, Washington, and Alaska, US, documented a 0% seroprevalence. The first published serologic detections of morbillivirus in sea otters occurred in 2001\u201302 in live-captured Washington sea otters, with a documented 80% seroprevalence. We conducted a retrospective study of sea otter cases from 1989 to 2010 compiled at the US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center to identify cases of morbilliviral disease in Washington sea otters and to characterize the disease using immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, genetic sequencing, virus isolation, and serology. We identified six cases of morbilliviral disease and 12 cases of morbilliviral infection in this population of sea otters during 2000\u201310. Significant histologic findings included inflammation in the white and gray matter of the brain characterized by lymphoplasmacytic perivascular cuffing, neuronal necrosis, and satellitosis in gray matter and by spongiosis, myelin degeneration, spheroids, and gemistocytes in white matter. Intranuclear and intracytoplasmic viral inclusion bodies were found in neurons, Purkinje cells, and glia. Immunohistochemistry for canine distemper virus (CDV) showed positive staining in neurons, glial cells, and cell processes. A pan-morbillivirus RT-PCR with subsequent restriction endonuclease digestion or sequencing identified CDV. Virus isolation was not successful. Two sea otters with morbilliviral encephalitis showed greater antibody titers to CDV than phocine distemper virus. Histologic changes were confined to the central nervous system and resembled neurologic canine distemper in domestic dogs. Cases of sea otters with morbilliviral infection without histologic changes could represent early infections or incompletely cleared sublethal infections. We found that morbillivirus was present in the Washington sea otter population as early as 2000, and we provide a description of the pathology of canine distemper in sea otters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-19-00008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T13:04:01Z","timestamp":1593608641000},"page":"873-883","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS IN THE SEA OTTER (ENHYDRA LUTRIS) POPULATION IN WASHINGTON STATE, USA"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Nancy","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. LeAnn","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Saliki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krysten","family":"Schuler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deanna","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, 510 Desmond Drive, Suite 102, Lacey, Washington 98503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. P.","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Goldstein, VA Gill, P Tuomi, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  47, \"Assessment of clinical pathology and pathogen exposure in sea otters (Enhydra lutris) bordering the threatened population in Alaska.\" 579 (2011)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.3.579"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KD Hanni, JA Mazet, FM Gulland, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  39, \"Clinical pathology and assessment of pathogen exposure in southern and Alaskan sea otters.\" 837 (2003)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.4.837"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CL White, KL Schuler, NJ Thomas, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  49, \"Pathogen exposure and blood chemistry in the Washington, USA population of northern sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni).\" 887 (2013)","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-03-053"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CL White, EW Lankau, D Lynch, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  54, \"Mortality trends in northern sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) collected from the coasts of Washington and Oregon, USA (2002\u201315).\" 238 (2018)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-05-122"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PJ Duignan, MF Van Bressem, JD Baker, et al.  \"Viruses.\"  6, \"Phocine distemper virus: Current knowledge and future directions.\" 5093 (2014)","DOI":"10.3390\/v6125093"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SL Deem, LH Spelman, RA Yates, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  31, \"Canine distemper in terrestrial carnivores: A review.\" 441 (2000)","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2000)031[0441:CDITCA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Raga, A Banyard, M Domingo, et al.  \"Emerg Infect Dis.\"  14, \"Dolphin morbillivirus epizootic resurgence, Mediterranean Sea.\" 471 (2008)","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1403.071230"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MF Van Bressem, PJ Duignan, A Banyard, et al.  \"Viruses.\"  6, \"Cetacean morbillivirus: current knowledge and future directions.\" 5145 (2014)","DOI":"10.3390\/v6125145"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"MS Brancato, L Milonas, CE Bowlby, et al.  \"Chemical contaminants, pathogen exposure and general health status of live and beach-cast Washington sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni). 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Williams,  \"Infectious diseases of wild mammals.\"  , \"Canine distemper.\" 50 (2001)","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344880"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jwildlifedis.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.7589\/JWD-D-19-00008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T10:33:11Z","timestamp":1793442791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-56\/issue-4\/JWD-D-19-00008\/CANINE-DISTEMPER-VIRUS-IN-THE-SEA-OTTER-ENHYDRA-LUTRIS-POPULATION\/10.7589\/JWD-D-19-00008.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-19-00008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]}}}