{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T10:32:23Z","timestamp":1793442743215,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Eastern populations of Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) have been in a decades-long decline across the mid-Atlantic and southern Appalachian Mountains of the US. West Nile virus (WNV), which first arrived in the US in 1999, is suspected to have contributed to these declines based on decreased population indices since the arrival of WNV in Pennsylvania as well as on high, experimentally induced WNV-associated morbidity rates. A 3-yr statewide survey was conducted across Pennsylvania to measure flavivirus (i.e., WNV) seroprevalence among hunter-harvested grouse. The overall seroprevalence from 2015\u201317 was 14.4% (81\/563); annual seroprevalence ranged from 2.8% (4\/145) in the 2017 hunt year to 22.6% (52\/230) in 2016\u201317. We analyzed the effects of numerous variables (i.e., Ruffed Grouse age and sex, hunt year, WNV vector index [VI], and region of Pennsylvania) on WNV serostatus by logistic regression. While there was no significant difference in WNV seroprevalence between sex and age group, there was significant variation in seroprevalence between geographic regions of Pennsylvania and across hunt years. Additionally, there was a negative correlation between WNV seroprevalence and VI. Low seroprevalence rates among Ruffed Grouse corresponded to years with a high VI, supporting experimental findings that Ruffed Grouse may be highly susceptible to WNV-associated disease. Additional strategic research efforts are essential to more effectively measure the effects of WNV on Ruffed Grouse and other vulnerable avian species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-19-00016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T10:49:25Z","timestamp":1610016565000},"page":"51-59","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["WEST NILE VIRUS INFECTION IN RUFFED GROUSE (BONASA UMBELLUS) IN PENNSYLVANIA, USA: A MULTI-YEAR COMPARISON OF STATEWIDE SEROSURVEYS AND VECTOR INDICES"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Nemeth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 491 Gordon Street, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Wildlife Management, Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Avenue, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela M.","family":"Bosco-Lauth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 3105 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul T.","family":"Oesterle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 491 Gordon Street, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Helwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, State Public Health Agency, 2575 Interstate Drive, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 3105 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin D.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Wildlife Management, Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Avenue, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"7","unstructured":"et al.  \"West Nile virus in the United States: guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control.\"  ,  (2013)"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SL LaDeau, AM Kilpatrick, PP Marra,  \"Nature.\"  447, \"West Nile Virus emergence and large-scale declines of North American bird populations.\" 710 (2007)","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05829"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SL Cox, GD Campbell, NM Nemeth,  \"Avian Pathol.\"  44, \"Outbreaks of West Nile virus in captive waterfowl in Ontario, Canada.\" 135 (2015)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2015.1011604"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"BJ Beaty, CH Calisher, RE Shope,  \"Arboviruses.\"  , \"Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections.\" 189 (1995)"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Bevins, R Pappert, J Young, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  52, \"Effects of storage time and storage conditions on antibody detection in blood samples collected on filter paper.\" 478 (2016)","DOI":"10.7589\/2015-09-242"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"NC. 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Williams,  \"Statewide grouse hunting survey. Annual Job Report 06290.\"  , 14 (2013)"},{"key":"42","unstructured":"LM. Williams,  \"Statewide grouse hunting survey. Annual Job Report 06290.\"  , 16 (2015)"},{"key":"43","unstructured":"L. Williams,  \"Pennsylvania Ruffed Grouse harvest management framework 2019\u20132020 season recommendation.\"  ,  (2018)"},{"key":"44","unstructured":"L Williams, G Norman, B Long,  \"Status of Ruffed Grouse in the northeast region of the US.\"  ,  (2017)"},{"key":"45","unstructured":"AM Wilson, DW Brauning, RS Mulvihill,  \"Second atlas of breeding birds in Pennsylvania.\"  , 612 (2012)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T09:54:42Z","timestamp":1793440482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-57\/issue-1\/JWD-D-19-00016\/WEST-NILE-VIRUS-INFECTION-IN-RUFFED-GROUSE-BONASA-UMBELLUS-IN\/10.7589\/JWD-D-19-00016.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-19-00016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]}}}