{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T10:32:24Z","timestamp":1793442744102,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) can be used as a model for investigating disease transmission at the human, wildlife, and livestock interface. An omnivore and scavenger, a warthog moves freely between natural ecotypes, farmland, and human communities and is susceptible to diseases of zoonotic, agricultural, and conservation concern. A retrospective study using 100 individual serum samples collected from May 1999 to August 2016 was performed to determine antibody prevalence to seven pathogens in warthogs from five locations in northeastern South Africa. Higher prevalence of antibodies to African swine fever virus and Mycobacterium bovis were detected in warthogs from the Greater Kruger National Park ecosystem in comparison to lower prevalence of antibodies to M. bovis and no antibodies to African swine fever virus in warthogs from uMhkuze Game Reserve. Low prevalence of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus, Rift Valley fever virus, and influenza A virus was detected in all locations, and no antibodies against Brucella and Leptospira spp. were detected. No statistically significant difference in antibody prevalence was found between sexes for any disease. At the univariate analysis, M. bovis seropositivity was significantly different among age categories, with 49% (35\/71) of adults found positive versus 29% (4\/14) of juveniles and 9% (1\/11) of sub-adults (Fisher's exact test, P=0.020), and between the sampling locations (Fisher's exact test, P=0.001). The multivariate model results indicated that juvenile warthogs had lower odds of testing positive to M. bovis antibodies than adults (juveniles' odds ratio [OR]=0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02\u20131.0), although this result was not statistically significant at the 5% level (P=0.052). For warthogs sampled at Satara Buffalo Camp, the odds (OR=0.22, 95% CI: 0.035\u20130.96) of being M. bovis antibody positive were significantly lower (P=0.043) than for warthogs sampled at Skukuza. Of particular interest in this study was the detection of warthogs seropositive for influenza A virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-20-00011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T10:59:43Z","timestamp":1610017183000},"page":"60-70","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["ANTIBODY PREVALENCE TO AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS, MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS, FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS, RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, INFLUENZA A VIRUS, AND BRUCELLA AND LEPTOSPIRA SPP. IN FREE-RANGING WARTHOG (PHACOCHOERUS AFRICANUS) POPULATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Donald","family":"Neiffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Health Sciences, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennie","family":"Hewlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Buss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Private Bag X402, Skukuza 1350, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leana","family":"Rossouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Private Bag X402, Skukuza 1350, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Hausler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Fa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin-Mari","family":"deKlerk-Lorist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the State Veterinarian, Kruger National Park, PO Box 12, Skukuza 1350, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduard","family":"Roos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Fa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Olea-Popelka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, 300 W Drake, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baratang","family":"Lubisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livio","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Fa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EO Roos, F Olea-Popelka, P Buss, et al.  \"Transbound Emerg Dis.\"  65, \"Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) in bovine tuberculosis-endemic regions of South Africa.\" 1182 (2018)","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12856"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TT Sylvester, LER Martin, P Buss, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  53, \"Prevalence and risk factors for Mycobacterium bovis infection in African lions (Panthera leo) in the Kruger National Park.\" 372 (2017)","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-07-159"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. 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Kruger National Park, South Africa.\" 210 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.03.015"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Kleinschroth, JR Healey, S Gourlet-Fleury, et al.  \"Conserv Biol.\"  31, \"Effects of logging on roadless space in intact forest landscapes of the Congo Basin.\" 469 (2017)","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12815"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FI Lewis  and PR Torgerson  \"Emerg Themes Epidemiol.\"  9, \"A tutorial in estimating the prevalence of disease in humans and animals in the absence of a gold standard diagnostic.\" 9 (2012)","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-7622-9-9"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BA Lubisi, PN Ndouvhada, D Neiffer, et al.  \"Trop Med Infect Dis.\"  4, \"Evaluation of a virus neutralisation test for detection of rift valley fever antibodies in suid sera.\" 52 (2019)","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4010052"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OW Lwande, GO Paul, PI 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Implications for wildlife, livestock and human health.\"  , \"Conservancies: Integrating wildlife land-use options into the livelihood, development and conservation strategies of Namibian communities.\" 89 (2003)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T09:54:46Z","timestamp":1793440486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-57\/issue-1\/JWD-D-20-00011\/ANTIBODY-PREVALENCE-TO-AFRICAN-SWINE-FEVER-VIRUS-MYCOBACTERIUM-BOVIS-FOOT\/10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00011.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-20-00011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]}}}