{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T09:33:45Z","timestamp":1793439225211,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rabies virus is recognized as one of the most fatal zoonotic agents affecting all mammals. Wild boars (Sus scrofa), classified as a large-size exotic invasive species in Brazil with nationwide hunting permitted, may serve as an extra blood source for the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus). Our aim was to document wild boar exposure to vampire bats to determine the seroprevalence of rabies virus antibodies in wild boars and to determine the immune status of hunters in southern and central-western Brazilian regions. Serum samples were collected from 80 wild boars and 49 hunters from natural and degraded areas of the Atlantic Forest biome of southern Brazil and in degraded areas of the Cerrado biome of central-western Brazil. The rabies-modified rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test was performed to detect the presence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in wild boars and considered seropositive when \u22650.10 IU\/mL. The simplified fluorescence inhibition microtest was used for samples from hunters with a titer of \u22650.50 IU\/mL and considered indicative of seroconversion. While 11% (9\/80) of wild boars had serum titers for rabies exposure (\u22650.10 IU\/mL), 88% (43\/49) of corresponding hunters lacked immune protective titers (&lt;0.50 IU\/mL). Wild boars showed serum titers for rabies likely due to contact with contaminated saliva of vampire bats or from infected carcass consumption. Additionally, Brazilian wild boars can be exposed to rabies and may play an important role in the sylvatic rabies cycle by providing a blood supply for vampire bats, highlighting the possibility of direct transmission of rabies virus to hunting dogs and hunters. These findings suggested hunters are a potential risk group for contracting rabies, and the World Health Organization may consider adding this occupation to their recommendations of who should receive the pre-exposure rabies vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-20-00044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T09:52:47Z","timestamp":1625478767000},"page":"561-568","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["EXPOSURE OF WILD BOAR (SUS SCROFA) TO THE COMMON VAMPIRE BAT AND LACK OF IMMUNE PROTECTION TO RABIES VIRUS IN BRAZILIAN HUNTERS"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Pedro Irineu","family":"Teider-Junior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate College of Veterinary Science, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), Funcion\u00e1rios Street, 1540, Curitiba, Paran\u00e1, PR 80035-050, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"La\u00eds Giuliani","family":"Felipetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate College of Veterinary Science, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), Funcion\u00e1rios Street, 1540, Curitiba, Paran\u00e1, PR 80035-050, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise Bach","family":"Kmetiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate College of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), Coronel Francisco Her\u00e1clito dos Santos Avenue, 100, Curitiba, PR 81531-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Pistori","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate College of Veterinary Science, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), Funcion\u00e1rios Street, 1540, Curitiba, Paran\u00e1, PR 80035-050, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana Botelho","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Paulista Avenue, 393, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 01311-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rene Dos Santos","family":"Cunha Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Paulista Avenue, 393, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 01311-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaila Francini","family":"Corona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paran\u00e1 State Reference Laboratory, Sebastiana Santana Fraga Street, 403, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Pinhais, PR 83060-500, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Marinelli","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Public Health, State University of Ponta Grossa, General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato Van Wilpe","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, State University of Ponta Grossa, General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan Roque De","family":"Barros-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate College of Veterinary Science, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), Funcion\u00e1rios Street, 1540, Curitiba, Paran\u00e1, PR 80035-050, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Pires","family":"Dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 725 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander Welker","family":"Biondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate College of Veterinary Science, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), Funcion\u00e1rios Street, 1540, Curitiba, Paran\u00e1, PR 80035-050, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LB Kmetiuk, FS Krawczak, FP Machado, et al.  \"PLoS Negl Trop Dis.\"  13, \"Ticks and serosurvey of anti-Rickettsia spp. antibodies in wild boars (Sus scrofa), hunting dogs and hunters of Brazil.\" e0007405 (2019)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007405"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FJ Allan, KG Thompson, B Frey,  \"N Z Vet J.\"  45, \"The use of an anaesthetic combination in pigs.\" 125 (1997)","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1997.36008"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MF Almeida, AR Rosa, LFA Martorelli, et al.  \"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop.\"  52, \"Rabies virus monitoring in bat populations in Rond\u00f4nia state, Brazil.\" e20180199 (2019)","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0199-2018"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JMAP Antunes, LC Demoner, TMA Cruvinel, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  53, \"Rabies virus exposure of Brazilian free-ranging wildlife from municipalities without clinical cases in humans or in terrestrial wildlife.\" 662 (2017)","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-09-204"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"MFA. Aubert,  \"Laboratory techniques in rabies.\"  , \"Methods for the calculation of titers.\" 445 (1996)"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RA Cordeiro, NFH Duarte, BN Rolim, et al.  \"Zoonoses Public Health.\"  63, \"The importance of wild canids in the epidemiology of rabies in northeast Brazil: A retrospective study.\" 486 (2016)","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12253"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"CD Daly, K Indu,  Vijayan,  \"Indian J Sci Res Tech.\"  5, \"A case of rabies in a wild pig.\" 23 (2014)"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Dascalu, M Wasniewski, E Picard-Meyer, et al.  \"BMC Vet Res.\"  15, \"Detection of rabies antibodies in wild boars in north-east Romania by a rabies ELISA test.\" 466 (2019)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2209-x"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SR Favoretto, ML Carrieri, MS Tino, et al.  \"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo.\"  35, \"Simplified fluorescent inhibition microtest for the titration of rabies neutralizing antibodies.\" 171 (1993)","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651993000200009"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Galetti, F Pedrosa, A Keuroghlian, et al.  \"Front Ecol Environ.\"  14, \"Liquid lunch\u2014Vampire bats feed on invasive feral pigs and other ungulates.\" 505 (2016)","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.1431"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"et al.  \"National plan for prevention, control and monitoring of wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Brazil.\"  ,  (2017)"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"et al.  \"Normative instruction, no. 3: January 31, 2013.\"  ,  (2013)"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Johnson, N Ar\u00e9chiga-Ceballos, A Aguilar-Setien,  \"Viruses.\"  6, \"Vampire bat rabies: Ecology, epidemiology and control.\" 1911 (2014)","DOI":"10.3390\/v6051911"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RS Jorge, MS Pereira, RG Morato, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  46, \"Detection of rabies virus antibodies in Brazilian free-ranging wild carnivores.\" 1310 (2010)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.4.1310"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GP Machado, JMAP Antunes, W Uieda, et al.  \"Primates.\"  53, \"Exposure to rabies virus in a population of free-ranging capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) in a fragmented, environmentally protected area in southeastern Brazil.\" 227 (2012)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-012-0306-6"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"et al.  \"Epidemiological situation.\"  ,  (2020)"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PP Mshelbwala, AB Ogunkoya, BV Maikai,  \"ISRN Vet Sci.\"  2013, \"Detection of rabies antigen in the saliva and brains of apparently healthy dogs slaughtered for human consumption and its public health implications in Abia State, Nigeria.\" 468043 (2013)","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/468043"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"RP Nair  and EA Jayson  \"Int J Res Med Basic Sci.\"  6, \"Wild pig rabies\u2014A case study from Pathippara, Malappuram, Kerala.\" 1 (2020)"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"AD Pereira, CB Batista, D Bender, et al.  \"Bol Soc Bras Mastozool.\"  77, \"Report on Desmodus rotundus (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) feeding on Sus scrofa (Artiodactyla, Suidae) blood.\" 151 (2016)"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CRM Pessoa, MLCR Silva, AB Gomes, et al.  \"Braz J Microbiol.\"  42, \"Paralytic form of rabies in pigs.\" 298 (2011)","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822011000100038"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RO Ramsden  and DH Johnston  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  11, \"Studies on the oral infectivity of rabies virus in Carnivora.\" 318 (1975)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-11.3.318"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SM Rocha, SV de Oliveira, MB Heinemann, et al.  \"Transbound Emerg Dis.\"  64, \"Epidemiological profile of wild rabies in Brazil (2002\u20132012).\" 624 (2017)","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12428"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CA Rosa, MO Wallau, F Pedrosa,  \"Wildl Soc Bull.\"  42, \"Hunting as the main technique used to control wild pigs in Brazil.\" 111 (2018)","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.851"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RC Rosatte  and JR Gunson  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  20, \"Presence of neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus in striped skunks from areas free of skunk rabies in Alberta.\" 171 (1984)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-20.3.171"},{"key":"25","unstructured":"JS Smith, PA Yager, GM Baer,  \"Laboratory techniques in rabies.\"  , \"A rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) for determining rabies neutralising antibody.\" 200 (1996)"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MM Sodr\u00e9, AR Gama, MF Almeida,  \"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo.\"  52, \"Updated list of bat species positive for rabies in Brazil.\" 75 (2010)","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652010000200003"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Vargas, APM Romano, E Merch\u00e1n-Hamann,  \"Epidemiol Serv Saude.\"  28, \"Human rabies in Brazil: A descriptive study, 2000\u20132017.\" e2018275 (2019)","DOI":"10.5123\/S1679-49742019000200001"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Vengu\u0161t, P Hostnik, M Cerov\u0161ek, et al.  \"Acta Vet Hung.\"  59, \"Presence of antibodies against rabies in wild boars.\" 149 (2011)","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.59.2011.1.14"},{"key":"29","unstructured":"et al.  \"Laboratory techniques in rabies.\"  , 1 (2018a)"},{"key":"30","unstructured":"et al.  \"Expert consultation on rabies. 3rd Report. Technical Report Series 1012.\"  , 1 (2018b)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T08:57:37Z","timestamp":1793437057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-57\/issue-3\/JWD-D-20-00044\/EXPOSURE-OF-WILD-BOAR-SUS-SCROFA-TO-THE-COMMON-VAMPIRE\/10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00044.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-20-00044","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]}}}