{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T09:33:45Z","timestamp":1793439225196,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lesion severity scales have been developed for a number of wildlife diseases causing external pathology. Perhaps the best known and most widely used scoring system has been developed for finch mycoplasmosis in which observers measure conjunctival pathology along a four-point scale of increasing severity. We developed novel techniques to characterize variation in host phenotype based on occupancy of multidimensional trait space (disease space). First, we used shape analysis to track distortions of the inner and outer eye rims, defined by 16 anatomical landmarks. Then, we used community analysis to evaluate pathology based on the presence or absence of a unique set of binary descriptors. We applied these techniques to experimental infection data to relate differences in conjunctival pathology to stage of infection. Specifically, by comparing specimens that received the same severity score at different time points in infection, we asked if shape or community analyses could distinguish between individuals in early infection versus those in recovery. We found that individual eyes followed predictable loops through disease space, tracking further from their origin with more severe pathology. Also, certain pathological descriptors were more likely to appear earlier versus later in infection. Our results indicated that leveraging differences in pathology captured in complex trait space could complement severity scores by better resolving the time course of infection from limited data points.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-20-00123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T09:55:25Z","timestamp":1625478925000},"page":"525-533","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["USING MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES TO EXPLORE DISEASE PROGRESSION OF FINCH MYCOPLASMOSIS"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Ruden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, 2310 Pammel Drive, 339 Science Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean C.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, 2200 Osborne Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Adelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, 2310 Pammel Drive, 339 Science Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"16","unstructured":"et al.  \"R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Version 3.5.2.\"  ,  (2018)"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Lachish, M Jones, H McCallum,  \"J Anim Ecol.\"  76, \"The impact of disease on the survival and population growth rate of the Tasmanian devil.\" 926 (2007)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2007.01272.x"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DH Ley, JE Berkhoff, JM McLaren,  \"Avian Dis.\"  40, \"Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolated from house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) with conjunctivitis.\" 480 (1996)","DOI":"10.2307\/1592250"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KV Sydenstricker, AA Dhondt, DM Hawley, et al.  \"Avian Dis.\"  50, \"Characterization of experimental Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in captive house finch flocks.\" 39 (2006)","DOI":"10.1637\/7403-062805R.1"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TM Work  and GH Balazs  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  35, \"Relating tumor score to hematology in green turtles with fibropapillomatosis in Hawaii.\" 804 (1999)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-35.4.804"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DC Adams  and E Ot\u00e1rola-Castillo  \"Methods Ecol Evol.\"  4, \"geomorph: An R package for the collection and analysis of geometric morphometric shape data.\" 393 (2013)","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12035"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"DC Adams, FJ Rohlf, DE Slice,  \"Hystrix.\"  24, \"A field comes of age: Geometric morphometrics in the 21st century.\" 7 (2013)"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JS Adelman, L Kirkpatrick, JL Grodio, et al.  \"Am Nat.\"  181, \"House Finch populations differ in early inflammatory signaling and pathogen tolerance at the peak of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection.\" 674 (2013)","DOI":"10.1086\/670024"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ML Collyer  and DC Adams  \"Methods Ecol Evol.\"  9, \"RRPP: An R package for fitting linear models to high-dimensional data using residual randomization.\" 1772 (2018)","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13029"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M De C\u00e1ceres  and P Legendre  \"Ecology.\"  90, \"Associations between species and groups of sites: Indices and statistical inference.\" 3566 (2009)","DOI":"10.1890\/08-1823.1"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JL Grodio, EL Buckles, KA Schat,  \"Vet Immunol Immunopathol.\"  132, \"Production of House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) IgA specific anti-sera and its application in immunohistochemistry and in ELISA for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum\u2013specific IgA.\" 288 (2009)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.06.006"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DM Hawley, J Grodio, S Frasca, et al.  \"Avian Pathol.\"  40, \"Experimental infection of Domestic Canaries (Serinus canaria domestica) with Mycoplasma gallisepticum: A new model system for a wildlife disease.\" 321 (2011)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.571660"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WM Hochachka  and AA Dhondt  \"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.\"  97, \"Density-dependent decline of host abundance resulting from a new infectious disease.\" 5303 (2000)","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.080551197"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GV Kollias, KV Sydenstricker, HW Kollias, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  40, \"Experimental infection of House Finches with Mycoplasma gallisepticum.\" 79 (2004)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.1.79"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CM McCoy, CM Lind, TM Farrell,  \"Conserv Physiol.\"  5, \"Environmental and physiological correlates of the severity of clinical signs of snake fungal disease in a population of pygmy rattlesnakes, Sistrurus miliarius.\" cow077 (2017)","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/cow077"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"DL. Obendorf,  \"Application of field and diagnostic methods for chytridiomycosis in Tasmanian frogs.\"  , 35 (2005)"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"J Oksanen, FG Blanchet, M Friendly, et al.  \"Vegan: Community ecology package. R package version 2.5-5.\"  ,  (2019)"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KM Pepin, SL Kay, BD Golas, et al.  \"Ecol Lett.\"  20, \"Inferring infection hazard in wildlife populations by linking data across individual and population scales.\" 275 (2017)","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12732"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"L. Raka,  \"The infection preventionist's guide to the lab.\"  , \"Specimen collection and transport.\" 1 (2012)"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JD Reichard  and TH Kunz  \"Acta Chiropterol.\"  11, \"White-nose syndrome inflicts lasting injuries to the wings of little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus).\" 457 (2009)","DOI":"10.3161\/150811009X485684"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SR Roberts, PM Nolan, GE Hill,  \"Avian Dis.\"  45, \"Characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in captive House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) in 1998.\" 70 (2001)","DOI":"10.2307\/1593013"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BY Torres, JHM Oliveira, A Thomas Tate, et al.  \"PLoS Biol.\"  14, \"Tracking resilience to infections by mapping disease space.\" e1002436 (2016)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002436"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T08:57:42Z","timestamp":1793437062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-57\/issue-3\/JWD-D-20-00123\/USING-MULTIVARIATE-ANALYSES-TO-EXPLORE-DISEASE-PROGRESSION-OF-FINCH-MYCOPLASMOSIS\/10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00123.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-20-00123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]}}}