{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T10:30:09Z","timestamp":1793442609205,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Trichinella spp. nematodes are commonly found in bear species (Ursidae) and can pose severe health risks to humans when infective first-stage larvae are ingested in meat. Samples of tongue or masseter muscle from 22 male and 11 female American black bears (Ursus americanus; mean age 6.5 yr, range 1\u201316 yr) and 22 male, eight female, and one unknown sex grizzly bears (Ursus arctos; mean age 8.8 yr, range 2\u201328 yr), from Yukon, Canada, were tested to determine prevalence and intensity of Trichinella spp. infection. For black bears, prevalence was 20% and mean intensity was 401 larvae per gram of tissue (LPG), whereas for grizzly bears, prevalence was 71%, and mean infection intensity was 35 LPG. Isolates from all positive samples were identified as genotype Trichinella-T6 by multiplex PCR. For black bears, prevalence is the highest reported in Canada and infection intensity the highest recorded in North America. One black bear had a larval burden of 1,173 LPG, the second highest recorded in any host species. The prevalence in grizzly bears was the highest reported in Canada for this host. In total, 90% (27 of 30) of infected bears had infection burdens above the human food safety threshold of \u22651 LPG, reinforcing the importance of communicating the health risks to people consuming bear meat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-20-00135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T12:07:52Z","timestamp":1616674072000},"page":"429-433","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["High Prevalence and Intensity of Trichinella Infection in Yukon American Black (Ursus americanus) and Grizzly (Ursus arctos) Bears"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"N. Jane","family":"Harms","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Unit, Environment Yukon, 10 Burns Road, Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 4Y9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Larivee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Unit, Environment Yukon, 10 Burns Road, Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 4Y9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad","family":"Scandrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Food-borne and Animal Parasitology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 116 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shadow Lake Consulting, PO Box 10038, Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 7A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Appleyard  and A Gajadhar  \"Can J Public Health.\"  91, \"A review of trichinellosis in people and wildlife in Canada.\" 293 (2000)","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404292"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LPE Choquette, GG Gibson, AM Pearson,  \"Can J Zool.\"  47, \"Helminths of the grizzly bear, Ursus arctos L., in northern Canada.\" 167 (1969)","DOI":"10.1139\/z69-038"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Dalcin, DS Zarlenga, NC Larter, et al.  \"Clin Infect Dis.\"  64, \"Trichinella nativa outbreak with rare thrombotic complications associated with meat from a black bear hunted in northern Ontario.\" 1367 (2017)","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix165"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OR Davies, K Junker, R Jansen, et al.  \"South Afr J Wildl Res.\"  38, \"Age- and sex-based variation in helminth infection of helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris) with comments on Swainson's spurfowl (Pternistis swainsonii) and Orange River francolin (Sceroptila levaillantoides).\" 163 (2008)","DOI":"10.3957\/0379-4369-38.2.163"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LB Forbes  and A Gajadhar  \"J Food Protect.\"  62, \"A validated digestion test with associated quality assurance and sampling requirements for use in pork and horsemeat.\" 1308 (1999)","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-62.11.1308"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Gajadhar  and L Forbes  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  168, \"A 10-year wildlife survey of 15 species of Canadian carnivores identified new hosts or geographic locations for Trichinella genotypes T2, T4, T5, and T6.\" 78 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.10.012"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"D Johnson, NC Larter, B Elkin, et al.  \"Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories. 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