{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T09:33:48Z","timestamp":1793439228519,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A mortality event involving at least 14 Western Gulls (Larus occidentalis) was observed on 10 October 2019 on Huntington State Beach, Orange County, California, US. Clinical signs of affected gulls included generalized weakness and difficulty standing and flying. Six additional Western Gulls with similar clinical signs were admitted for rehabilitation between 24 October and 7 November, including birds from Newport Beach and Laguna Beach, south of Huntington Beach. Eleven carcasses were submitted for postmortem examination, including nine gulls collected on 10 October from Huntington Beach, one collected on 24 October from Laguna Beach, and one collected on 6 November from Newport Beach. Six of seven gulls tested were positive for Clostridium botulinum toxin type A by mouse bioassay, including five collected on 10 October from Huntington Beach and one from Laguna Beach, approximately 23 km south, on 24 October, suggesting the toxin was available to scavenging birds for nearly 2 wk following the original exposure. Botulism type C, and less commonly type E, are most frequently documented in wild birds, including waterfowl and fish-eating birds, respectively. In contrast, botulism type A is the most common cause of foodborne botulism in humans, acquired from food contaminated with C. botulinum spores, but it has not previously been associated with mortality in free-ranging wild birds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-20-00153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T09:57:44Z","timestamp":1625479064000},"page":"657-661","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Mortality of Western Gulls (Larus occidentalis) Associated with Botulism Type A in Coastal Southern California, USA"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Krysta H.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1701 Nimbus Road, Suite D, Rancho Cordova, California 95670, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Gonzales","family":"Viera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, 620 W Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, 105 W Central Avenue, San Bernardino, California 92408, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Peronne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wetlands and Wildlife Care Center, 21900 Pacific Coast Highway, Huntington Beach, California 92646, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asl\u0131","family":"Mete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, 620 W Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"2","unstructured":"AL. Cassell,  \"Intercolony comparison of diets of Western Gulls in Central California.\"  (2016)"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"\"Handbook for epidemiologists, clinicians, and laboratory workers.\"  \"Botulism in the United States, 1899\u20131996.\" (1998)"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Le Mar\u00e9chal, C Woudstra, P Fach,  \"Clostridial diseases of animals.\"  \"Botulism.\" 303 (2016)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118728291.ch26"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RJ Pierotti  and CA Annett  \"Birds of the world.\"  \"Western Gull (Larus occidentalis) version 1.0.\" (1995)","DOI":"10.2173\/tbna.174.p"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TE Rocke  and TK Bollinger  \"Infectious diseases of wild birds.\"  \"Avian botulism.\" 377 (2007)","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344668.ch21"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EF. Hill,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  24, \"Brain cholinesterase activity of apparently normal wild birds.\" 51 (1988)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-24.1.51"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"CJ Brand, RM Duncan, SP Garrow, et al.  \"Wilson Bull.\"  95, \"Waterbird mortality from botulism type E in Lake Michigan: An update.\" 269 (1983)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Fleck-Derderian, M Shankar, AK Rao, et al.  \"Clin Infect Dis.\"  66, \"The epidemiology of foodborne botulism outbreaks: A systematic review.\" S73 (2018)","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix846"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Lindstrom  and H Korkeala  \"Clin Microbiol Rev.\"  16, \"Laboratory diagnostics of botulism.\" 298 (2006)","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.298-314.2006"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Neimanis, F Gavier-Wid\u00e9n, F Leighton, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  43, \"An outbreak of type C botulism in Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) in southeastern Sweden.\" 327 (2007)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.3.327"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NE Ortiz  and GR Smith  \"Epidemiol Infect.\"  112, \"Landfill sites, botulism and gulls.\" 385 (1994)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800057794"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SR Ostrowski, SV Kubiski, J Palmero, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  24, \"An outbreak of equine botulism type A associated with feeding grass clippings.\" 601 (2012)","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712440987"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Sato, S Wigle WL Gallagher, AL Johnson, et al.  \"Avian Dis.\"  60, \"Outbreak of type C botulism in commercial layer chickens.\" 90 (2016)","DOI":"10.1637\/11293-100415-Case.1"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Vadlamudi, VH Lee, RP Hanson,  \"Avian Dis.\"  3, \"Case report: Botulism type C outbreak on a pheasant game farm.\" 344 (1959)","DOI":"10.2307\/1587680"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T08:57:48Z","timestamp":1793437068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-57\/issue-3\/JWD-D-20-00153\/Mortality-of-Western-Gulls-Larus-occidentalis-Associated-with-Botulism-Type\/10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00153.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-20-00153","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]}}}