{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T08:36:20Z","timestamp":1793435780622,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Two Eurasian Blackbirds (Turdus merula) from central Italy were found with severe cyclocoelid trematodosis associated with airsacculitis. The birds were submitted with severe respiratory distress; one died shortly after hospitalization, while the second bird was euthanized. At necropsy, a massive presence of cyclocoelid flukes was observed in the coelomic cavity and air sacs of both birds. The air sacs were diffusely opaque, thickened, and covered by scant fibrinous exudate mixed with numerous parasites. Histologically, the air sacs showed diffuse and severe oedema with fibrinous exudate. Diffuse mononucleated and heterophilic infiltration mixed with multiple granulomas contained degenerated trematodes. Morishitium polonicum was identified using morphologic keys and molecular analysis of extracted DNA. Infections caused by M. polonicum are poorly documented in blackbirds and the findings in these birds support the pathogenic role of this trematode as a potential cause of death in blackbirds in Italy. Extended epidemiologic surveys are required to properly assess the potential importance of M. polonicum as a life-threatening pathogen in Blackbird populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-20-00163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T01:14:00Z","timestamp":1633914840000},"page":"906-911","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Morishitium polonicum as a Cause of Severe Respiratory Disease in Eurasian Blackbirds (Turdus merula) in Central Italy"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Manuela","family":"Diaferia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Giglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Mandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Morganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Ceccherelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizia","family":"Veronesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvio","family":"Lepri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KM Delaski, S Nelson, NO Dronen, et al.  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  29, \"Detection and management of air sac trematodes (Szidatitrema species) in captive multispecies avian exhibits.\" 345 (2015)","DOI":"10.1647\/2015-085"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Di Cesare, PE Crisi, E Di Giulio, et al.  \"Parasitol Res.\"  112, \"Larval development of the feline lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in Helix aspersa.\" 3101 (2013)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3484-2"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Galosi, P Heneberg, G Rossi, et al.  \"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl.\"  9, \"Air sac trematodes: Morishitium polonicum as a newly identified cause of death in the common blackbird (Turdus merula).\" 74 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.03.021"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JE. Hoffman,  \"Parasitic diseases of wild birds.\"  \"Trematodes.\" 225 (2008)","DOI":"10.1002\/9780813804620.ch12"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NY Kirillova, AA Kirillov, SN Spiridonov, et al.  \"Nat Conserv Res.\"  4, \"First finding of Morishitium polonicum (Trematoda, Cyclocoelidae) in Turdus merula and Coccothraustes coccothraustes in Russia.\" 117 (2019)","DOI":"10.24189\/ncr.2019.054"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Kumar, G Stecher, K Tamura,  \"Mol Biol Evol.\"  33, \"MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets.\" 1870 (2016)","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"J. Machalska,  \"Acta Parasitol Pol.\"  26, \"Cyclocoelum polonicum sp. n. (Trematoda, Cyclocoelidae) from the thrushes Turdus philomelos Br. and T. merula L.\" 129 (1980)"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RDP. Milwright,  \"Ringing Migration.\"  23, \"Post-breeding dispersal, breeding site fidelity and migration\/wintering areas of migratory populations of song thrush Turdus philomelos in the Western Palearctic.\" 21 (2006)","DOI":"10.1080\/03078698.2006.9674340"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"\"Basic local alignment search tool.\"  (2020)"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Otranto  and D Traversa  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  107, \"A review of dicrocoeliosis of ruminants including recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment.\" 317 (2002)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00121-8"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Sitko  and P Heneberg  \"Parasitol Res.\"  119, \"Emerging helminthiases of song thrush (Turdus philomelos) in Central Europe.\" 4123 (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06911-0"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Urabe, NE Nor Hashim, S Uni, et al.  \"Parasitol Int.\"  76, \"Description and molecular characteristics of Morishitium polonicum malayense Urabe, Nor Hashim & Uni, n. subsp. (Trematoda: Cyclocoelidae) from the Asian glossy starling, Aplonis panayensis strigata (Passeriformes: Sturnidae) in Peninsular Malaysia.\" 102074 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102074"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"S Visconti, L Giovannetti, G Canestri-Trotti,  \"Parassitologia.\"  30, \"Su di un trematode del genere Cyclocoelum Brandes, 1892, parassita dei sacchi aerei di Turdus merula L.\" 211 (1988)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T08:28:24Z","timestamp":1793435304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-57\/issue-4\/JWD-D-20-00163\/Morishitium-polonicum-as-a-Cause-of-Severe-Respiratory-Disease-in\/10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00163.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-20-00163","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]}}}