{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T08:32:29Z","timestamp":1793435549929,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Wild animal immobilization often requires high doses of \u03b12-adrenoceptor agonists. Despite their desired sedative and analgetic effects, well-recognized cardiovascular side effects, such as hypertension and bradycardia, remain a major concern. We compared the effect of two medetomidine doses on intra-arterial blood pressure and heart rate in 13 captive, female red deer (Cervus elaphus) immobilized during winter. Each animal was randomly assigned to receive either 80 \u00b5g\/kg (group L) or 100 \u00b5g\/kg (group H) medetomidine, combined with 3 mg\/kg tiletamine-zolazepam administered intramuscularly. Changes in cardiovascular variables over time and differences between the groups were analyzed using linear mixed-effect models. Induction time was faster in group L compared with group H; recovery time did not differ between groups. Initially, the arterial blood pressure was higher in group H compared with group L, but differences between groups diminished during anesthesia. Moreover, the decline in arterial blood pressure in group H was more rapid. Heart rate was significantly lower in group L, but bradycardia was not observed. The higher medetomidine dose did not reduce induction time, and initial hypertension was reduced by administering the lower dose. Therefore, although the sample size was small and, thus, the significance of results might be limited, we suggest using 80 \u00b5g\/kg instead of 100 \u00b5g\/kg medetomidine when combined with 3 mg\/kg tiletamine-zolazepam for the immobilization of female red deer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-20-00229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T06:49:18Z","timestamp":1641278958000},"page":"188-193","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of the Cardiovascular Effects of Two Medetomidine Doses Combined with Tiletamine-Zolazepam for the Immobilization of Red Deer Hinds (Cervus elaphus)"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"Rauch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friederike","family":"Pohlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy","family":"Einwaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Habe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Painer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Stalder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Bates, M M\u00e4chler, B Bolker, et al.  \"J Stat Softw.\"  67, \"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.\" 1 (2015)","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Granholm, BC McKusick, FC Westerholm, et al.  \"Vet Rec.\"  160, \"Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of intramuscular and intravenous doses of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs and their reversal with atipamezole.\" 891 (2007)","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.26.891"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Fern\u00e1ndez-Mor\u00e1n, J Palomeque, VI Peinado,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  31, \"Medetomidine\/tiletamine\/zolazepam and xylazine\/tiletamine\/zolazepam combinations for immobilization of fallow deer (Cervus dama).\" 62 (2000)","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2000)031[0062:MTZAXT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"HH Jalanka  and BO Roeken  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  21, \"The use of medetomidine, medetomidine-ketamine combinations, and atipamezole in nondomestic mammals: a review.\" 259 (1990)"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RV. Lenth,  \"J Stat Softw.\"  69, \"Least-squares means: the R package lsmeans.\" 1 (2016)","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v069.i01"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BH Pypendop  and JP Verstegen  \"Vet Surg.\"  27, \"Hemodynamic effects of medetomidine in the dog: a dose titration study.\" 612 (1998)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00539.x"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"MD. Sinclair,  \"Can Vet J.\"  44, \"A review of the physiological effects of \u03b12-agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice.\" 885 (2003)"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"\"R: A language and environment for statistical computing.\"  (2019)"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TK Aarnes, JAE Hubbell, P Lerche, et al.  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  41, \"Comparison of invasive and oscillometric blood pressure measurement techniques in anesthetized sheep, goats, and cattle.\" 174 (2014)","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12101"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W Arnold, T Ruf, S Reimoser, et al.  \"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.\"  286, \"Nocturnal hypometabolism as an overwintering strategy of red deer (Cervus elaphus).\" R174 (2004)","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00593.2002"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SH. Berry,  \"Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia: The fifth edition of Lumb and Jones.\"  \"Injectable anesthetics.\" 277 (2015)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421375.ch15"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Caulkett  and JC Haigh  \"Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia.\"  \"Deer (Cervids).\" 607 (2008)","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470376478.ch53"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Einwaller, J Painer, M Raekallio, et al.  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  47, \"Cardiovascular effects of intravenous vatinoxan (MK-467) in medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam anaesthetised red deer (Cervus elaphus).\" 518 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2019.10.011"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DJ. Heard,  \"Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia.\"  \"Monitoring.\" 81 (2007)","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470376478.ch6"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"AB Kalhoro  and AQ Memon  \"Pak Vet J.\"  31, \"Sedative\/analgesic efficacy of medetomidine in goats.\" 257 (2011)"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WC Kuo  and RD Keegan  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  30, \"Comparative cardiovascular, analgesic, and sedative effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidinebutorphanol in dogs.\" 99 (2003)","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2995.2003.00133_2.x"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LA Lamont  and KA Grimm  \"Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia.\"  \"Clinical pharmacology.\" 5 (2014)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118792919.ch1"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DC. Rankin,  \"Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia: The fifth edition of Lumb and Jones.\"  \"Sedatives and tranquilizers.\" 196 (2015)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421375.ch10"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"Z Shah, MX Ding, ML Hu,  \"Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg.\"  20, \"A review on the current use of \u03b12 agonists in small ruminants.\" 633 (2014)"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Turbill, T Ruf, T Mang, et al.  \"J Exp Biol.\"  214, \"Regulation of heart rate and rumen temperature in red deer: Effects of season and food intake.\" 963 (2011)","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.052282"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Wickham,  \"ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis.\"  213 (2009)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T07:55:23Z","timestamp":1793433323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-58\/issue-1\/JWD-D-20-00229\/Comparison-of-the-Cardiovascular-Effects-of-Two-Medetomidine-Doses-Combined\/10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00229.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-20-00229","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]}}}