{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T08:32:31Z","timestamp":1793435551292,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Netgun capture is a commonly used capture method for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in North America. Mortalities during netgun captures are generally low, and most often caused by direct trauma and occasionally fatal capture myopathy. Capture is a stressful event for a wild animal, and subclinical capture myopathy is difficult to measure. The use of tranquilizers during netgun capture is not widespread. We compared physiologic variables from 250 netgun-captured deer (57 males and 193 females) that did or did not receive midazolam and azaperone (mean, 0.14 mg\/kg; SD, 0.02 mg\/kg; range, 0.08\u20130.21 mg\/kg) at time of capture and before transporting to a processing location, with the goal of evaluating whether drug administration would improve or worsen the physiologic state of the animal. Deer were captured in association with management activities between December 2018 and March 2020, with 132 deer receiving midazolam and azaperone at time of capture. Variables recorded included chase times, time from capture to arrival at the processing location, time from capture to release, serial rectal temperatures, heart rates, respiratory rates, body condition, age, sex, O2 administration, creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, packed cell volume, red blood cell concentration, and hemoglobin, as well as serial venous pH, pCO2, HCO3\u2013, and base excess. All animals were collared with GPS tracking devices and monitored after release. There was no difference in survival after capture between deer that did or did not receive midazolam and azaperone. All animals experienced severe metabolic lactic acidosis, which generally worsened with increasing chase time, highlighting the critical importance of limiting chase times during captures. Drug administration did not influence the degree of metabolic acidosis; however, it appeared to have a favorable effect on several stress-related indices, including rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and packed cell volume.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T06:49:46Z","timestamp":1641278986000},"page":"168-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AZAPERONE AND MIDAZOLAM ON NETGUN-CAPTURED MULE DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS)"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Annette","family":"Roug","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, 1594 W North Temple, Suite 2110, Salt Lake City, Utah 84116, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randy","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham Young University, Department of Life Sciences, 800 N 580 E Street, Provo, Utah 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xaela","family":"Walden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, 1594 W North Temple, Suite 2110, Salt Lake City, Utah 84116, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent","family":"Hersey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, 1594 W North Temple, Suite 2110, Salt Lake City, Utah 84116, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brock","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham Young University, Department of Life Sciences, 800 N 580 E Street, Provo, Utah 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Caulkett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary AB T2N 4Z6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D Bates, M Maechler, B Bolker, et al.  \"J Stat Softw.\"  67, \"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4.\" 1 (2015)","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LCR Meyer, L Fick, A Matthee, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  44, \"Hyperthermia in captured impala (Aepyceros melampus): a fright not flight response.\" 404 (2008)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.2.404"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Paterson, NA Caulkett, MR Woodbury,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  40, \"Physiologic effects of nasal oxygen or medical air administered prior to and during carfentanil-xylazine anesthesia in north american elk (Cervus canadensis manitobensis).\" 39 (2009)","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0107.1"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Northrup, CR Anderson, G Wittemyer,  \"J Wildl Manage.\"  78, \"Effects of helicopter capture and handling on movement behavior of mule deer.\" 731 (2014)","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.705"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LL Wolfe  and MW Miller  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  52, \"Using tailored tranquilizer combinations to reduce stress associated with large ungulate capture and translocation.\" S118 (2016)","DOI":"10.7589\/52.2S.S118"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"TW. 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Valberg,  \"Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals.\"  \"Skeletal muscle function.\" 459 (2008)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-370491-7.00015-5"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Van de Kerk, BR McMillan, KR Hersey, et al.  \"J Wildl Manage.\"  84, \"Effect of net-gun capture on survival of mule deer.\" 813 (2020)","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.21838"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SL Webb, JS Lewis, DG Hewitt, et al.  \"J Wildl Manage.\"  72, \"Assessing the helicopter and net gun as a capture technique for white-tailed deer.\" 310 (2008)","DOI":"10.2193\/2007-101"},{"key":"43","unstructured":"H Wickham, D Navarro, TL Pedersen,  \"ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis.\"  (2020)"},{"key":"44","unstructured":"ES Williams  and ET Thorne  \"Noninfectious diseases of wildlife.\"  \"Exertional myopathy (capture myopathy).\" 181 (1996)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T07:55:25Z","timestamp":1793433325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-58\/issue-1\/JWD-D-21-00014\/PHYSIOLOGICAL-EFFECTS-OF-AZAPERONE-AND-MIDAZOLAM-ON-NETGUN-CAPTURED-MULE\/10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00014.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]}}}