{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T08:32:31Z","timestamp":1793435551298,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is pathogenic in a wide range of avian hosts and is endemic in much of North America. This virus is responsible for population declines of some Passeriformes. We describe a WNV-associated mortality event in American White Ibis (Eudocimus albus) nestlings. This is a species, inherent to the Everglades ecosystem, which has recently begun nesting in urban areas. An urban colony in south Florida was monitored from March\u2013July in 2020 as part of an ongoing study. Nestling carcasses were collected opportunistically and sent to the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia within 24 h for diagnosis. Three ibis nestling deaths were confirmed to be caused by WNV infection based on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and reverse transcription PCR. Serial plasma samples collected weekly from 36 healthy chicks of the same urban rookery were tested for WNV-neutralizing antibodies via plaque reduction neutralization test; four chicks were seropositive. Antibody titers in three seropositive chicks from which serial samples were collected waned over time, suggesting maternal antibody transfer. Ibis mortalities were consistent with a spike of WNV activity in this region of Florida. West Nile virus infection may be an important seasonal cause of mortality for wading bird nestlings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T06:52:11Z","timestamp":1641279131000},"page":"205-210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["West Nile Virus Infections in an Urban Colony of American White Ibises (Eudocimus albus) in South Florida, USA"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Julia Silva","family":"Seixas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia M.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie R.","family":"Kunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisia A. W.","family":"Weyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Yabsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Shender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 1105 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, Florida 32601, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Nemeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AB Allison, DG Mead, SEJ Gibbs, et al.  \"Emerg Infect Dis.\"  10, \"West Nile virus viremia in wild rock pigeons.\" 2252 (2004)","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040511"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NM Nemeth, PT Oesterle, RA Bowen,  \"Am J Trop Med Hyg.\"  79, \"Passive immunity to West Nile virus provides limited protection in a common passerine species.\" 283 (2008)","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.283"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Komar, NA Panella, JE Burns, et al.  \"Emerg Infect Dis.\"  7, \"Serologic evidence for West Nile virus infection in birds in the New York City vicinity during an outbreak in 1999.\" 621 (2001)","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017403"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NM Nemeth  and RA Bowen  \"Am J Trop Med Hyg.\"  76, \"Dynamics of passive immunity to West Nile virus in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).\" 310 (2007)","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.310"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AM Kilpatrick  and SS Wheeler  \"J Med Entomol.\"  56, \"Impact of West Nile virus on bird populations: limited lasting effects, evidence for recovery, and gaps in our understanding of impacts on ecosystems.\" 1491 (2019)","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz149"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EM Adams  and PC Frederick  \"Waterbirds.\"  32, \"Sex-related mortality of white ibis (Eudocimus albus) nestlings during a starvation event.\" 123 (2009)","DOI":"10.1675\/063.032.0114"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CS Apperson, HK Hassan, BA Harrison, et al.  \"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis.\"  4, \"Host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States.\" 71 (2004)","DOI":"10.1089\/153036604773083013"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"BJ Beaty, CH Calisher, RE Shope,  \"Arboviruses.\"  \"Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections.\" 189 (1995)"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"\"Species of dead birds in which West Nile virus has been detected, United States, 1999\u20132016.\"  (2016)"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RJ Dusek, WM Iko, EK Hofmeister,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  46, \"Occurrence of West Nile virus infection in raptors at the Salton Sea, California.\" 889 (2010)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.3.889"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"\"Mosquito-borne disease surveillance.\"  (2020)"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PC Frederick  and SM McGehee  \"Colon Waterbirds.\"  17, \"Wading bird use of wastewater treatment wetlands in central Florida, USA.\" 50 (1994)","DOI":"10.2307\/1521381"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PC Frederick, MG Spalding, GVN Powell,  \"J Wildl Manage.\"  57, \"Evaluating methods to measure nestling survival in tricolored herons.\" 34 (1993)","DOI":"10.2307\/3808997"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Heath, P Frederick, JA Kushlan, et al.  \"The birds of North America online.\"  \"White Ibis (Eudocimus albus).\" (2009)","DOI":"10.2173\/bna.9"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SM Hernandez, CN Welch, VE Peters, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  11, \"Urbanized white ibises (Eudocimus albus) as carriers of Salmonella enterica of significance to public health and wildlife.\" e0164402 (2016)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164402"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Johnson, N Nemeth, K Hale, et al.  \"Emerg Infect Dis.\"  16, \"Surveillance for West Nile virus in American white pelicans, Montana, USA, 2006\u20132007.\" 406 (2010)","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1603.090559"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Kuiken, FA Leighton, G Wobeser, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  35, \"Causes of morbidity and mortality and their effect on reproductive success in double-crested cormorants from Saskatchewan.\" 331 (1999)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-35.2.331"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E P\u00e9rez-Ram\u00edrez, F Llorente, MA Jim\u00e9nez-Clavero,  \"Viruses.\"  6, \"Experimental infections of wild birds with West Nile virus.\" 752 (2014)","DOI":"10.3390\/v6020752"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WK Reisen, S Wheeler, MV Armijos, et al.  \"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis.\"  9, \"Role of communally nesting ardeid birds in the epidemiology of West Nile virus revisited.\" 275 (2009)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0104"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T07:55:36Z","timestamp":1793433336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-58\/issue-1\/JWD-D-21-00030\/West-Nile-Virus-Infections-in-an-Urban-Colony-of-American\/10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00030.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00030","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]}}}