{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T07:33:34Z","timestamp":1793432014681,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The secondary metabolite emodin, produced by the widely distributed invasive shrub known as the common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), has been shown to produce deformities and mortality in invertebrates, fish, and amphibian larvae. Here, we describe the effects on the liver of green frog (Lithobates clamitans) tadpoles after 21 d of exposure to high concentrations of emodin in a controlled environment. Histopathologic analysis showed fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, hepatocellular swelling, and accumulations of flocculent material consistent with emodin within the gall bladder and bile ducts of exposed individuals. The extensive fibrosis produced probably impeded the blood flow within the portal triads, limiting the detoxification function of the liver and resulting in hepatocellular necrosis and premature death for the individuals exposed. Exposure to emodin in the environment could represent a significant threat to developing amphibian larvae and contribute to local declines of populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T08:43:26Z","timestamp":1650876206000},"page":"341-347","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["HEPATOCELLULAR TOXICITY OF THE METABOLITE EMODIN PRODUCED BY THE COMMON BUCKTHORN (RHAMNUS CATHARTICA) IN GREEN FROG (LITHOBATES CLAMITANS) TADPOLES"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Brenes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Carroll University, 100 N East Avenue, Waukesha, Wisconsin 53186, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linh M. N.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity (iDiV), Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Wildlife Health, The University of Tennessee, 2621 Morgan Circle, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4563, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline L.","family":"Rohde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Carroll University, 100 N East Avenue, Waukesha, Wisconsin 53186, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KS Knight, JS Kurylo, AG Endress, et al.  \"Biol Invasions.\"  9, \"Ecology and ecosystem impacts of common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica): a review.\" 925 (2007)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-007-9091-3"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JS Kurylo, KS Knight, JR Stewart, et al.  \"J Torrey Bot Soc.\"  134, \"Rhamnus cathartica: native and naturalized distribution and habitat preferences.\" 420 (2007)","DOI":"10.3159\/1095-5674(2007)134[420:RCNAND]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Abu Eid, M Adams, T Scherer, et al.  \"Eur J Pharmacol.\"  798, \"Emodin, a compound with putative antidiabetic potential, deteriorates glucose tolerance in rodents.\" 77 (2017)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.01.022"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"R Altig  and RW McDiarmid  \"Tadpoles: The biology of anuran larvae.\"  \"Body plan: Development and morphology.\" 20 (1999)"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Bingen  and A Kirn  \"Exp Mol Pathol.\"  27, \"Hepatocellular necrosis during frog virus 3 induced hepatitis of mice\u2014Electron-microscopic study.\" 68 (1977)","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(77)90020-X"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E \u00c7and\u00f6ken, SE Kuruca, N Akev,  \"J Pharm Istanbul Univ.\"  47, \"Evaluation of the anticancer effects of Aloe vera and Aloe emodin on B16F10 murine melanoma and NIH3T3 mouse embryogenic fibroblast cells.\" 77 (2017)","DOI":"10.5152\/IstanbulJPharm.2017.0013"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"YC Chang, TY Lai, CS Yu, et al.  \"Evid-Based Compl Alt.\"  2011, \"Emodin induces apoptotic death in murine myelomonocytic leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro and enhances phagocytosis in leukemia mice in vivo.\" 523596 (2011)","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/523596"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JF Chen, SD Li, MP Liu, et al.  \"Front Pharmacol.\"  8, \"Bioconcentration and metabolism of emodin in Zebrafish eleutheroembryos.\" 453 (2017)","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00453"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Chen, W Luo, Y Ma, et al.  \"Transplantation.\"  98, \"Emodin attenuates hepatocellular injury and fibrosis in bile duct-ligated mice [Abstract].\" 281 (2014)","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-201407151-00869"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"YT Cui, B Liu, J Xie, et al.  \"Fish Shellfish Immunol.\"  38, \"The effect of emodin on cytotoxicity, apoptosis and antioxidant capacity in the hepatic cells of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus).\" 74 (2014)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.02.018"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X Dong, J Fu, X Yin, et al.  \"Phytother Res.\"  30, \"Emodin: A review of its pharmacology, toxicity and pharmacokinetics.\" 1207 (2016)","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5631"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Q He, K Liu, S Wang, et al.  \"Drug Chem Toxicol.\"  35, \"Toxicity induced by emodin on zebrafish embryos.\" 149 (2012)","DOI":"10.3109\/01480545.2011.589447"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. 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Gosner,  \"Herpetologica.\"  16, \"A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification.\" 183 (1960)"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Okui, S Hosozawa, S Kohama, et al.  \"Zool Sci.\"  33, \"Development of erythroid progenitors under erythropoietin stimulation in Xenopus laevis larval liver.\" 575 (2016)","DOI":"10.2108\/zs160040"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T07:27:55Z","timestamp":1793431675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-58\/issue-2\/JWD-D-21-00040\/HEPATOCELLULAR-TOXICITY-OF-THE-METABOLITE-EMODIN-PRODUCED-BY-THE-COMMON\/10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00040.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00040","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]}}}