{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T23:48:10Z","timestamp":1794440890482,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pathogen surveillance is common in chelonians and multiple anatomical sampling sites are used for pathogen detection, but agreement between these sites has not been assessed. The objective of this study was to assess agreement between three sampling sites, oral swab (OS), cloacal swab (CS), and combined oral\/cloacal swab (OCS), for detecting three pathogens in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). Box turtles (n=88) were assayed for Terrapene adenovirus 1 (TerADV1), Terrapene herpesvirus 1 (TerHV1), and Mycoplasmopsis sp. using quantitative PCR. Agreement between pathogen status based on sampling site was assessed using the Cohen kappa. Agreement was highest for Mycoplasmopsis sp. between OCS and OS (k=0.941), whereas moderate and minimal agreement were noted between OCS and CS (k=0.64) and OS and CS (k=0.538). For TerADV1, agreement was weak between OCS and OS (k=0.559), minimal between OS and CS (k=0.283), and absent between OCS and CS (k=0.204). TerHV1 agreement was moderate between OCS and OS (k=0.783) and absent between OCS and CS (k=0.106) and OS and CS (k=0.052). All pathogens were most frequently detected in OCS samples and DNA concentrations differed between sampling sites (P&lt;0.0001). If testing multiple samples is not possible, OCS sampling improves the detection of these three pathogens over OS and CS alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T08:45:12Z","timestamp":1650876312000},"page":"399-403","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enhancing Chelonian Health Assessments by Determining Agreement in Pathogen Detection between Sampling Sites Using Quantitative PCR"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Taylor J.","family":"Willis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Adamovicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Allender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MC Allender, M Abd-Eldaim, AR Kuhns, et al.  \"J Herpetol Med Surg.\"  19, \"Absence of ranavirus and herpesvirus in a survey of two aquatic turtle species in Illinois.\" 16 (2009)","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651.19.1.16"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"CK Dodd,  \"North American box turtles: A natural history.\"  256 (2002)"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"CH Ernst, RW Barbour, JE Lovich,  \"Turtles of the United States and Canada.\"  578 (1994)"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Franzen-Klein, L Adamovicz, D McRuer, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  50, \"Prevalence of box turtle adenovirus 1 in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) presented to a wildlife rehabilitation center in Virgina, USA.\" 769 (2020)","DOI":"10.1638\/2018-0238"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE. Marschang,  \"Fowler's zoo and wild animal medicine: Current therapy, Vol. 9.\"  \"Emerging reptile viruses.\" 267 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-55228-8.00039-4"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AS Ochert, AW Boulter, NW Johnson, et al.  \"Genome Res.\"  3, \"Inhibitory effect of salivary fluids on PCR: Potency and removal.\" 365 (1984)","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3.6.365"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GR Okoh, PF Horwood, D Whitmore, et al.  \"Front Vet Sci.\"  8, \"Herpesviruses in reptiles.\" 642894 (2021)","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.642894"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FC Origgi  and ER Jacobson  \"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract.\"  3, \"Diseases of the respiratory tract of chelonians.\" 537 (2000)","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-9194(17)30088-9"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CE Rodr\u00edguez, AMH Dubque, J Steinberg, et al.  \"Pathology of wildlife and zoo animals.\"  \"Chelonia.\" 825 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805306-5.00034-1"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BMW Rose  and MC Allender  \"J Herpetol Med Surg.\"  21, \"Health assessment of wild eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) in East Tennessee.\" 107 (2011)","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651-21.4.107"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"PP. van Dijk,  \"The International Union for Conservation of Nature red list of threatened species.\"  \"Terrapene carolina (errata version published in 2016).\" (2011)"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L Adamovicz, MC Allender, G Archer, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  13, \"Investigation of multiple mortality events in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina).\" e0195617 (2018)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195617"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"K Boers, K Leister, J Byrd, et al.  \"Herpetol Rev.\"  48, \"Capture effort, rate, demographics, and potential of disease transmission in wild eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) captured through canine directed searches.\" 300 (2017)"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LP Kane, MC Allender, G Archer, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  53, \"Prevalence of Terrapene herpesvirus 1 in free-ranging eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) in Tennessee and Illinois, USA.\" 285 (2017)","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-06-138"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SH Feldman, J Wimsatt, RE Marchang, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  42, \"A novel mycoplasma detected in association with upper respiratory disease syndrome in free-ranging eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) in Virginia.\" 279 (2006)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.2.279"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ER Jacobson, MB Brown, LD Wendland, et al.  \"Vet J.\"  201, \"Mycoplasmosis and upper respiratory tract disease of tortoises: a review and update.\" 257 (2014)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.05.039"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"RR Sim, TM Norton, E Bronson, et al.  \"Vet Microbiol.\"  175, \"Identification of a novel herpesvirus in captive Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina).\" 218 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.11.029"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ML. McHugh,  \"Biochem Med (Zagreb).\"  22, \"Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic.\" 276 (2012)","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S McArthur, S Blahak, P K\u00f6elle, et al.  \"J Herpetol Med Surg.\"  12, \"Chelonian herpesvirus.\" 14 (2002)","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651.12.2.14"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T07:28:17Z","timestamp":1793431697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-58\/issue-2\/JWD-D-21-00096\/Enhancing-Chelonian-Health-Assessments-by-Determining-Agreement-in-Pathogen-Detection\/10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00096.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00096","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]}}}