{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T07:32:03Z","timestamp":1793431923389,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Following a canine distemper virus (CDV) epizootic in 2011, serum samples of 45 live-trapped desert kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis arsipus) from the Upper Chuckwalla Valley, California, US, were tested for the presence of antibodies against CDV, canine parvovirus (CPV), canine herpes virus (CHV), canine adenovirus (CAV-2), and Toxoplasma gondii. Fecal swabs were tested by PCR for CPV genomic material, and ocular and nasal swabs were assessed for genomic material of CDV, CHV, CAV-2, influenza virus (H3N8), parainfluenza, canine respiratory coronavirus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Fourteen foxes (31.1%) were positive in at least one test, with exposure and\/or infection confirmed for CDV (6\/45, 13.3%), CPV (4\/45, 8.9%), S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (4\/45, 8.9%), and T. gondii (2\/45, 4.4%). Study results were similar to results reported for kit foxes in other portions of their distribution. Further research with long-term regular testing is needed to understand disease dynamics in kit fox populations better.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T06:57:10Z","timestamp":1658732230000},"page":"631-635","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Survey for Select Pathogens in the Desert Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis arsipus) in California, USA"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Charles J.","family":"Randel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Randel Wildlife Consulting, Inc., 647 Orange Grove Avenue Unit 207, South Pasadena, California 91030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Vanherweg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2338 Pierce Avenue, Cambria, California 93428, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RS Sikes  and WL Gannon  \"J Mammal.\"  92, \"Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research.\" 235 (2011)","DOI":"10.1644\/10-MAMM-F-355.1"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Hoelzer  and CR Parrish  \"Vet Res.\"  41, \"The emergence of parvoviruses of carnivores.\" 39 (2010)","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2010011"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ES Almberg, PC Cross, DW Smith,  \"Ecol Appl.\"  20, \"Persistence of canine distemper virus in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem's carnivore community.\" 2058 (2010)","DOI":"10.1890\/09-1225.1"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Afonso, P Thulliez, E Gilot-Fromont,  \"Int J Parasitol.\"  36, \"Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in an urban population of domestic cats (Felis catus).\" 1373 (2006)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.07.010"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"RN Brown, MW Gabriel, G Wengert, et al.  \"Pathogens associated with fishers (Martes pennanti) and sympatric mesocarnivores in California. 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Woodhouse,  \"Science.\"  292, \"Population biology of multihost pathogens.\" 1109 (2001)","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059026"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Calvo-Mac, AC Gutleb, S Contal, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  56, \"Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in marine otters (Lontra felina) and domestic cats (Felis catus) in an arid environment in Chile.\" 962 (2020)","DOI":"10.7589\/2019-10-269"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T07:04:47Z","timestamp":1793430287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-58\/issue-3\/JWD-D-21-00102\/Survey-for-Select-Pathogens-in-the-Desert-Kit-Fox-Vulpes\/10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00102.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00102","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]}}}