{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T06:32:35Z","timestamp":1793428355425,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine distemper virus (also known as Canine morbillivirus), the etiologic agent of canine distemper, is a highly contagious pathogen causing a multisystemic infection in carnivores globally. Canine distemper may be clinically indistinguishable from rabies, and outbreaks of either disease are major concerns. In the US, both diseases are endemic and managed by parenteral vaccination in domestic animals. In wildlife, oral vaccination and trap-vaccinate-release programs are available for rabies prevention, but no such strategies exist for canine distemper. We evaluated the prevalence at which canine distemper virus occurred concurrently in animals infected with rabies virus. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed on specimens previously diagnosed with rabies during 2017\u201319 by the New York State Rabies Laboratory. Real-time qRT-PCR detected concurrent canine distemper virus infection in 73 of 1,302 animals with rabies virus. Coinfection rates were approximately 9% in Procyon lotor, 2% in Vulpes vulpes, and 0.4% in Mephitis mephitis, with an overall prevalence of 5.6%. As comorbidities in wildlife occur, laboratory-based surveillance and confirmatory testing are critical to rapid decision making for disease prevention. Rabies virus incursions are expensive and difficult to manage, and spillover events create health risks to humans and domestic animals as well as to free-roaming wildlife.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:31:01Z","timestamp":1685579461000},"page":"310-314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Coinfection of Canine Distemper Virus and Rabies Virus in Wildlife Samples Submitted for Routine Rabies Testing"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Heather","family":"Moessner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12159, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Brunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12159, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12159, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"April","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12159, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Connolly, P Thomas, R Woodroffe, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  44, \"Comparison of oral and intramuscular recombinant canine distemper vaccination in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus).\" 882 (2013)","DOI":"10.1638\/2012-0232R2.1"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JP Pope, DL Miller, MC Riley, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  28, \"Characterization of a novel canine distemper virus causing disease in wildlife.\" 506 (2016)","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638716656025"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Kapil  and TJ Yeary  \"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.\"  41, \"Canine distemper spillover in domestic dogs from urban wildlife.\" 1069 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.08.005"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Gilbert, N Sulikhan, O Uphyrkina, et al.  \"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.\"  117, \"Distemper, extinction, and vaccination of the Amur tiger.\" 31954 (2020)","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000153117"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Elia, N Decaro, V Martella, et al.  \"J Virol Methods.\"  136, \"Detection of canine distemper virus in dogs by real-time RT-PCR.\" 171 (2006)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.05.004"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"ML Cartter, JL Hadler, MG Smith, et al.  \"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.\"  41, \"Extension of the raccoon rabies epizootic\u2014United States, 1992.\" 661 (1992)"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Dupuis, S Brunt, K Appler, et al.  \"J Clin Microbiol.\"  53, \"Comparison of automated quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and direct fluorescent-antibody detection for routine rabies diagnosis in the United States.\" 2983 (2015)","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01227-15"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Ellis, E Marziani, C Aziz, et al.  \"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc.\"  58, \"2022 AAHA canine vaccination guidelines.\" 213 (2022)","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-Canine-Vaccination-Guidelines"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CM Jardine, T Buchanan, D Ojkic, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  54, \"Frequency of virus coinfection in raccoons (Procyon lotor) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) during a concurrent rabies and canine distemper outbreak.\" 622 (2018)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-04-072"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X Ma, S Bonaparte, M Toro, et al.  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  260, \"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2020.\" 1157 (2022)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.03.0112"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Maki, AL Guiot, M Aubert, et al.  \"Vet Res.\"  48, \"Oral vaccination of wildlife using a vaccinia-rabies-glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine (RABORAL V-RG\u00ae): A global review.\" 57 (2017)","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0459-9"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"\"2018 Veterinary alert #7: Canine distemper virus identified in two raccoons from Prospect Park.\"  (2018)"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Slavinski, L Humberg, M Lowney, et al.  \"Emerg Infect Dis.\"  18, \"Trap-vaccinate-release program to control raccoon rabies, New York, USA.\" 1170 (2012)","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1807.111485"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Styczynski, C Tran, E Dirlikov, et al.  \"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.\"  65, \"Human rabies\u2014Puerto Rico, 2015.\" 1474 (2017)","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6552a4"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Taylor, JJ Wilson, AW Park, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  57, \"Temporal and spatial patterns in canine distemper virus cases in wildlife diagnosed at the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease study 1975\u20132019.\" 820 (2021)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00212"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Viana, S Cleaveland, J Matthiopoulos, et al.  \"Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A.\"  112, \"Dynamics of a morbillivirus at the domestic\u2013wildlife interface: Canine distemper virus in domestic dogs and lions.\" 1464 (2015)","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411623112"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Vila Nova, E Cunha, N Sep\u00falveda, et al.  \"BMC Vet Res.\"  14, \"Evaluation of the humoral immune response induced by vaccination for canine distemper and parvovirus: A pilot study.\" 348 (2018)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1673-z"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"P. Waldron,  \"New strain of canine distemper virus arrives in North America.\"  (2019)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:51:37Z","timestamp":1793425897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-59\/issue-2\/JWD-D-21-00158\/Coinfection-of-Canine-Distemper-Virus-and-Rabies-Virus-in-Wildlife\/10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00158.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00158","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}}}