{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T07:32:06Z","timestamp":1793431926237,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is a popular game species in North America and often lives in close proximity to humans and domestic animals. Deer with neurologic signs are of high interest to the general public and wildlife managers because of disease and safety concerns. Our aim was to describe diagnostic findings from free-ranging white-tailed deer diagnosed with rabies from across the eastern US from 2000 to 2021, with emphasis on gross lesions in the skin and soft tissue overlying the skull. We reviewed diagnostic reports of white-tailed deer cases submitted to the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study for those diagnosed with rabies from 2000 to 2021. Rabies virus infection was confirmed by immunohistochemistry or fluorescent antibody test of brain, or both. Nine adult deer from five states were diagnosed with rabies, including seven (78%) females and two (22%) males. Three (33%) deer were found dead, and six (67%) were humanely dispatched for abnormal behavior. Six deer heads were examined grossly and had lesions, including forehead or periorbital alopecia, cutaneous erythema, abrasions and ulcers, and subcutaneous edema. Histologic examination was performed for eight of nine cases, all of which had intraneuronal eosinophilic inclusion (Negri) bodies in cerebrum, cerebellum, or both. Most (6\/8; 75%) had perivascular lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis. Rabies should be considered a differential diagnosis in deer with this pattern of head lesions, suggestive of head rubbing or head pressing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T07:01:45Z","timestamp":1658732505000},"page":"664-669","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Distinctive Gross Presentation in Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with Rabies"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Alisia A. W.","family":"Weyna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark G.","family":"Ruder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha Frances","family":"Dalton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mississippi Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 3137 MS-468, Pearl, Mississippi 39208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlie","family":"Bahnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Dakota Game and Fish Department, 100 N Bismarck Expressway, Bismarck, North Dakota 58501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Kevin","family":"Keel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts & Nevis, West Indies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Ballard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, 2 Natural Resources Drive, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Nemeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BP Monroe, P Yager, J Blanton, et al.  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  248, \"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2014.\" 777 (2016)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.7.777"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HA Delpietro, RD Lord, RG Russo, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  45, \"Observations of sylvatic rabies in northern Argentina during outbreaks of paralytic cattle rabies transmitted by vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus).\" 1169 (2009)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.4.1169"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CR Fisher, DG Streicker, MJ Schnell,  \"Nat Rev Microbiol.\"  16, \"The spread and evolution of rabies virus: Conquering new frontiers.\" 241 (2018)","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2018.11"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Franco-Molina, SE Santana-Kr\u00edmskaya, B Cort\u00e9s-Garc\u00eda, et al.  \"Trop Med Int Health.\"  6, \"Fatal case of rabies in a captive white-tailed deer: A case report from Chiapas, Mexico.\" 135 (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6030135"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IK Hawkins, DR Rissi, AG Armi\u00e9n, et al.  \"Vet Rec Case Reports.\"  7, \"Rabies-like neuronal inclusions in a dog with meningoencephalomyelitis and neuritis of unknown origin.\" e000759 (2019)","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreccr-2018-000759"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J-H Kim, E-K Hwang, H-J Sohn, et al.  \"Vet Rec.\"  157, \"Epidemiological characteristics of rabies in South Korea from 1993 to 2001.\" 53 (2005)","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.157.2.53"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X Ma, BP Monroe, JM Cleaton, et al.  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  256, \"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2018.\" 195 (2020)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.256.2.195"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WJ. McShea,  \"Ann N Y Acad Sci.\"  1249, \"Ecology and management of white-tailed deer in a changing world.\" 45 (2012)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06376.x"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"NM Nemeth  and MJ Yabsley  \"Field manual of wildlife diseases in the southeastern United States.\"  321 (2021)"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BW Petersen, DM Tack, A Longenberger, et al.  \"Emerg Infect Dis.\"  18, \"Rabies in captive deer, Pennsylvania, USA, 2007\u20132010.\" 138 (2012)","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1801.111189"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CW. Severinghaus,  \"J Wildl Manage.\"  13, \"Tooth development and wear as criteria of age in white-tailed deer.\" 195 (1949)","DOI":"10.2307\/3796089"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JE. Wilson,  \"J Mammal.\"  30, \"Occurrence of rabies in deer (Odocoileus virginianus).\" 203 (1949)","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/30.2.203"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Zhu, X Chen, X Shao, et al.  \"Infect Genet Evol.\"  31, \"Characterization of a virulent dog-originated rabies virus affecting more than twenty fallow deer (Dama dama) in Inner Mongolia, China.\" 127 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.12.024"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T07:05:07Z","timestamp":1793430307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-58\/issue-3\/JWD-D-21-00176\/Distinctive-Gross-Presentation-in-Free-Ranging-White-Tailed-Deer-Odocoileus\/10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00176.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00176","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]}}}