{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T06:33:16Z","timestamp":1793428396184,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human activities such as habitat degradation and fragmentation threaten biodiversity in Neotropical areas. This work proposes an analytical methodology to identify natural areas in Central America with anthropogenic impact, analyzing the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in accordance with their theoretical relationship with human-related activities. Sixteen ARGs were quantified in feces of different individuals of 13 jaguars (Panthera onca) and 13 pumas (Puma concolor) in three conservation areas in Costa Rica by real-time PCR. At least one ARG was detected in all samples. Of the ARGs encoding tetracycline resistance, the most frequent were tetQ and tetY (85% and 69%, respectively). The sulfonamides (sulI and sulII; 69% each), phenicols (catI and catII; 19% and 54%, respectively), and quinolones (qnrS; 12%) were also detected. The presence of human settlements, livestock farms (pigs, cattle, and poultry), roads, human health centers, flood zones, and rivers were identified within each area to generate an index of human activity. We found no difference between the presence of ARG by roads, agricultural activities, and human settlements (P&gt;0.05). However, tetW showed higher percentages with porcine and bovine farms; both tetY and tetW were more frequent in jaguars than in pumas. Of concern is that many of the most contaminated samples were taken from national parks, such as Braulio Carrillo and Tortuguero, where animals should not have direct contact with humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:44:59Z","timestamp":1682383499000},"page":"12-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["IDENTIFICATION OF ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON NATURAL HABITATS BY ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE QUANTIFICATION IN TWO NEOTROPICAL WILD CATS AND THEIR GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Ana Sof\u00eda","family":"Angulo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado Regional en Ciencias Veterinarias Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando Esper\u00f3n","family":"Fajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Ctra. Algete a El Casar s\/n, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Salom-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panthera, San Pedro, San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica ()"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Carazo-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociedad Mesoamericana para la Biolog\u00eda y la Conservaci\u00f3n, Santo Domingo, Heredia, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Cuencas Hidrogr\u00e1ficas, Ministerio de Ambiente de Panam\u00e1, Albrook, Ciudad de Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Pil\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT), Ciudad del Saber, Clayton, Ciudad de Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Quesada-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias T\u00f3xicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinndle","family":"Blanco-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado Regional en Ciencias Veterinarias Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TD Kocher, WK Thomas, A Meyer, et al.  \"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.\"  86, \"Dynamics of mitochondrial DNA evolution in animals: Amplification and sequencing with conserved primers.\" 6196 (1989)","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.16.6196"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S L\u00ea, J Josse, F Husson,  \"J Stat Softw.\"  25, \"FactoMineR: An R package for multivariate analysis.\" 1 (2008)","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v025.i01"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. 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Ventola,  \"P T.\"  40, \"The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1: Causes and threats.\" 277 (2015)"},{"key":"54","unstructured":"SE Wo-Ching, ML Moreno, C Cordero,  \"Centro de Derecho Ambiental y.\"  \"Evaluaci\u00f3n nacional sobre fuentes de contaminaci\u00f3n y actividades humanas originadas en tierra que afectan ambientes marinos, costeros y dulce acu\u00edcola asociados en Costa Rica.\" (2001)"},{"key":"55","unstructured":""},{"key":"56","unstructured":"\"Antimicrobial resistance: Global report on surveillance.\"  232 (2014)"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WY Xie, XP Yang, Q Li, et al.  \"Environ Pollut.\"  219, \"Changes in antibiotic concentrations and antibiotic resistome during commercial composting of animal manures.\" 182 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.10.044"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X Zhou, M Qiao, FH Wang, et al.  \"Environ Sci Pollut Res.\"  24, \"Use of commercial organic fertilizer increases the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotics in soil.\" 701 (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7854-z"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:59:42Z","timestamp":1793426382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-59\/issue-1\/JWD-D-21-00182\/IDENTIFICATION-OF-ANTHROPOGENIC-IMPACT-ON-NATURAL-HABITATS-BY-ANTIMICROBIAL-RESISTANCE\/10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00182.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00182","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]}}}