{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T06:32:35Z","timestamp":1793428355730,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last four decades, Barred Owls (Strix varia) have expanded their range to include much of western North America, including California. This expansion is suspected to have contributed to declining populations of a closely related species, the federally threatened Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). As a result, understanding potential health threats to Barred Owls has implications for Spotted Owl health and recovery. From 2016 to 2020, 69 Barred Owls were collected to determine the apparent prevalence of periorbital nematode infection, to identify the parasite species present, and to investigate the potential pathologic effects on their hosts. The nematodes were morphologically identified as Oxyspirura and Aprocta spp. On the basis of phylogenetic analyses, they were clearly divergent from published sequences of other species within these genera. Overall, 34 (49%) Barred Owls were infected with periorbital nematodes, with Oxyspirura sp. infections being much more common (94%) than Aprocta sp. (18%). Histopathology revealed varying severity of conjunctivitis in infected owls. Despite the frequency of infection and subsequent inflammation, parasite burden was not associated with reduced body weight in these owls. As a result, the potential health effect of these nematodes is unclear. Further taxonomic characterization is needed to determine potential novelty of these nematodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:31:55Z","timestamp":1685579515000},"page":"299-309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["APPARENT PREVALENCE, DIVERSITY, AND ASSOCIATED LESIONS OF PERIORBITAL NEMATODES IN A POPULATION OF BARRED OWLS (STRIX VARIA) FROM NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, USA"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Kevin D.","family":"Niedringhaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, 1 Garrod Drive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Dumbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freeland","family":"Dunker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelby","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Becki","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather M. A.","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334 Basseterre, St. Kitt's & Nevis, West Indies, KN-03"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Mark","family":"Higley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoopa Tribal Forestry-Wildlife, Loop Rd, Hoopa, California 95546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Haynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Yabsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 589 D. W. 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Yamaguti,  \"Systema Helminthum vol. III: the nematodes of vertebrates, part I.\"  \"Classification of nematodes part IV: nematodes of birds.\" 197 (1961)"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Zhang, F Liu, W Huang, et al.  \"J Raptor Res.\"  42, \"Occurrence of nematode parasites in raptors in Beijing, China.\" 204 (2008)","DOI":"10.3356\/JRR-07-29.1"},{"key":"53","unstructured":"S Zhang, B Liu, L Zhang,  \"Acta Zootaxon Sin.\"  37, \"Two species of spirurid nematodes (Nematoda, Spirurida) from raptors in Beijing, China.\" 535 (2012)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:51:54Z","timestamp":1793425914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-59\/issue-2\/JWD-D-21-00186\/APPARENT-PREVALENCE-DIVERSITY-AND-ASSOCIATED-LESIONS-OF-PERIORBITAL-NEMATODES-IN\/10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00186.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00186","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}}}