{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T07:30:21Z","timestamp":1793431821608,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a pathogen of worldwide economic importance in poultry, is recovered in chickens, especially from the respiratory tract. Some strains, however, are specialized to other tissues and because it jumps from poultry to wild birds, the new strains also cause severe conjunctivitis in new hosts. Nevertheless, most studies of M. gallisepticum in wild birds use choanal swabs or combine choanal and conjunctival swabs to quantify bacterial load. Because the clinical signs associated with M. gallisepticum infection differ markedly between poultry and House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), we compared the bacterial load in choanal and conjunctival samples following experimental inoculation of House Finches with M. gallisepticum isolates originating from poultry or from House Finches. This allowed us to test two hypotheses: M. gallisepticum changed tissue tropism, or M. gallisepticum simply expanded its within-host niche. By comparing bacterial loads from choanal and conjunctival swabs in birds inoculated with one of a suite of M. gallisepticum isolates, we found support for hypothesis 2. The choanal loads in House Finches did not differ between isolates, while the conjunctival loads of birds inoculated with poultry isolates were lower than in birds inoculated with House Finch isolates. When measuring the bacterial load of M. gallisepticum in birds, it is important to sample and analyze separately choanal and conjunctival swabs, as quantifying bacterial loads in pooled samples may not provide reliable information on differences in virulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T07:21:48Z","timestamp":1669792908000},"page":"716-724","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["CHANGES IN TISSUE TROPISM OF MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM FOLLOWING HOST JUMP"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Reinoso-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Fernow Hall, 226 Mann Dr., Ithaca, New York 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Levitskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 602 Tower Rd., Ithaca, New York 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keila V.","family":"Dhondt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Rd., Ithaca, New York 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nycole","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ventura County Animal Services, 600 Aviation Dr., Camarillo, California 93010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edan","family":"Tulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 N Eagleville Rd., Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Geary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 N Eagleville Rd., Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 A.","family":"Dhondt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca, New York 14850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\"Statistix 10.\"  (2021)","DOI":"10.1080\/14432471.2021.2014221"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Altizer, WM Hochachka, AA Dhondt,  \"J Anim Ecol.\"  73, \"Seasonal dynamics of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in eastern North American house finches.\" 309 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passerine bird species after experimental inoculation with Mycoplasma gallisepticum.\" 635 (2008)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450802499100"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KL Farmer, GE Hill, SR Roberts,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  38, \"Susceptibility of a na\u00efve population of house finches to Mycoplasma gallisepticum.\" 282 (2002)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-38.2.282"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BK Hartup  and GV Kollias  \"Avian Dis.\"  43, \"Field investigation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) eggs and nestlings.\" 572 (1999)","DOI":"10.2307\/1592658"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BK Hartup, JM Bickal, AA Dhondt, et al.  \"Auk.\"  118, \"Dynamics of conjunctivitis and Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in house finches.\" 327 (2001)","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/118.2.327"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DH Ley, JE Berkhoff, JM McLaren,  \"Avian Dis.\"  40, \"Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolated from house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) with conjunctivitis.\" 480 (1996)","DOI":"10.2307\/1592250"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DH Ley, DS Sheaffer, AA Dhondt,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  42, \"Further western spread of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection of house finches.\" 429 (2006)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.2.429"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KV Sydenstricker, AA Dhondt, DM Hawley, et al.  \"Avian Dis.\"  50, \"Characterization of experimental Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in captive house finch flocks.\" 39 (2006)","DOI":"10.1637\/7403-062805R.1"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Gharaibeh  and A Hailat  \"Avian Pathol.\"  40, \"Mycoplasma gallisepticum experimental infection and tissue distribution in chickens, sparrows and pigeons.\" 349 (2011)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.582480"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Michiels, S Welby, M Vanrobaeys, et al.  \"Avian Pathol.\"  45, \"Prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in commercial poultry, racing pigeons and wild birds in Belgium.\" 244 (2016)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2016.1145354"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Feberwee, DR Mekkes, JJ de Wit, et al.  \"Avian Dis.\"  49, \"Comparison of culture, PCR, and different serologic tests for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae infections.\" 260 (2005)","DOI":"10.1637\/7274-090804R"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Sawicka, M Durkalec, G Tomczyk, et al.  \"PLOS ONE.\"  15, \"Occurrence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in wild birds: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\" e0231545 (2020)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231545"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GV Kollias, KV Sydenstricker, HW Kollias, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  40, \"Experimental infection of House Finches with Mycoplasma gallisepticum.\" 79 (2004)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.1.79"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AA Dhondt, KV Dhondt, DM Hawley, et al.  \"Avian Pathol.\"  36, \"Experimental evidence for transmission of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in house finches by fomites.\" 205 (2007)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450701286277"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JL Grodio, KV Dhondt, PH O'Connell, et al.  \"Avian Pathol.\"  37, \"Detection and quantification of Mycoplasma gallisepticum genome load in conjunctival samples of experimentally infected house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) using real-time polymerase chain reaction.\" 385 (2008)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450802216629"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BK Hartup, GV Kollias, DH Ley,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  36, \"Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in songbirds from New York.\" 257 (2000)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-36.2.257"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T06:35:49Z","timestamp":1793428549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-58\/issue-4\/JWD-D-21-00187\/CHANGES-IN-TISSUE-TROPISM-OF-MYCOPLASMA-GALLISEPTICUM-FOLLOWING-HOST-JUMP\/10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00187.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00187","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]}}}