{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T06:32:33Z","timestamp":1793428353591,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A combination of tiletamine\u2013zolazepam, medetomidine, and azaperone was used to immobilize captive Chacoan peccaries (Catagonus wagneri) for health assessments and biological sample collection at the Centro Chaque\u00f1o para la Conservaci\u00f3n e Investigaci\u00f3n (CCCI) in the Paraguayan Chaco during July in 2017 and 2018. In total, 83 peccaries kept in 0.25\u20131.50 hectare enclosures were immobilized via dart-administered anesthetic. Mean animal weight was 33.89\u00b13.74 kg (standard deviation; n=77). The mean intramuscular (IM) anesthetic drug and dosages were 0.03\u00b10.00 mg\/kg of medetomidine, 0.91\u00b10.10 mg\/kg of Zoletil 50 (tiletamine\u2013zolazepam), and 0.30\u00b10.03 mg\/kg azaperone. The mean time to recumbency after darting was 6.07\u00b12.65 min. The mean time to reach the anesthetic plane postdarting was 10.00\u00b12.00 min. Muscle relaxation was adequate to allow minor veterinary procedures. A mean dosage of 0.15\u00b10.02 mg\/kg of atipamezole was given IM to reverse the medetomidine. Recoveries were smooth and animals were standing by 59.17\u00b130.18 min postreversal. Full recovery and release back to enclosures occurred 90\u00b130 min postreversal. A single dose of this drug combination provided adequate anesthesia for 88% of adult Chacoan peccaries; 12% needed a supplemental dose of tiletamine\u2013zolazepam because of failure to receive the full dose from the anesthetic dart. Sex and age did not impact the dosage required to achieve immobilization. Confinement during recovery from anesthesia is required with this protocol. Aside from mild hypoxemia, no adverse effects from anesthesia were observed. However, oxygen supplementation as a part of this protocol is recommended to support circulatory and respiratory capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:32:11Z","timestamp":1685579531000},"page":"281-287","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["EVALUATION OF A COMBINATION OF TILETAMINE\u2013ZOLAZEPAM, MEDETOMIDINE, AND AZAPERONE WITH NASAL OXYGEN SUPPLEMENTATION FOR THE IMMOBILIZATION OF CAPTIVE CHACOAN PECCARIES (CATAGONUS WAGNERI) IN THE CHACO REGION OF PARAGUAY"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Juan M.","family":"Campos Krauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Center for Nature Conservation and Phoenix Zoo, 455 N. Galvin Parkway, Phoenix, Arizona 85008, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Conservation of Tropical Ungulates, 46470 Farabee RD, Punta Gorda, Florida 33982, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Goblet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Policy, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Talavera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Chaque\u00f1o para la Conservaci\u00f3n e Investigaci\u00f3n, Fort\u00edn Toledo, Boquer\u00f3n, Py"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramiro","family":"Isaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie E.","family":"Newell-Fugate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, 4466 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Sutherland-Smith, JM Campos, C Cramer, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  40, \"Immobilization of Chacoan peccaries (Catagonus wagneri) using medetomidine, Telazol\u00ae, and ketamine.\" 731 (2004)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.4.731"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PM Mich, LL Wolfe, TM Sirochman, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  39, \"Evaluation of intramuscular butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine and nasal oxygen insufflation for the chemical immobilization of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus.\" 480 (2008)","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0150.1"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JL. Allen,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  23, \"Immobilization of giant Chacoan peccaries (Catagonus wagneri) with a tiletamine\/zolazepam hydrochloride combination.\" 499 (1992)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-28.3.499"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"LP. Colly,  \"The use of tranquilizers in wildlife: Proceedings of the wildlife tranquilizer symposium.\"  \"Azaperone\u2014A safe and well-tried tranquillizer.\" 21 (1992)"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"H. Ebedes,  \"The use of tranquilizers in wildlife: Proceedings of the wildlife tranquilizer symposium.\"  \"Long-acting neuroleptics in wildlife.\" 31 (1992)"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"TJ Kreeger, JM Arnemo, JP Raath,  \"Handbook of wildlife chemical immobilization.\"  15 (2002)"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"PJ Morris  and AL Shima  \"Zoo and wild animal medicine.\"  \"Suidae and Tayassuidae (wild pigs, peccaries).\" 586 (2003)"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LR Padilla  and JC Ko  \"Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia.\"  \"Nondomestic suids.\" 773 (2014)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118792919.ch55"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"DC. Plumb,  \"Veterinary drug handbook.\"  85 (2002)"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RW Radcliffe, ST Ferrell, SE Childs,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  31, \"Butorphanol and azaperone as a safe alternative for repeated chemical restraint in captive white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum).\" 196 (2000)","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2000)031[0196:BAAAAS]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Sakaguchi, R Nishimura, N Sasaki, et al.  \"J Vet Med Sci.\"  54, \"Sedative effects of medetomidine in pigs.\" 643 (1992)","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.54.643"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:51:41Z","timestamp":1793425901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-59\/issue-2\/JWD-D-21-00203\/EVALUATION-OF-A-COMBINATION-OF-TILETAMINEZOLAZEPAM-MEDETOMIDINE-AND-AZAPERONE-WITH\/10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00203.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-21-00203","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}}}