{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T06:33:15Z","timestamp":1793428395616,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sylvatic plague is a widespread, primarily flea-vectored disease in western North America. Because plague is highly lethal to endangered black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes, BFFs) and the prairie dogs (Cynomys spp., PDs) on which BFFs depend for habitat and prey, minimizing the impacts of plague is a priority at BFF reintroduction sites. We developed a new, flour-based bait pellet containing 0.84 mg of fipronil and weighing \u223c1.25 g (FipBits). We measured the degree and duration of flea control on black-tailed PDs (C. ludovicianus) in Montana and on Gunnison's PDs (C. gunnisoni) in Arizona, USA from 2018\u20132020. FipBits were distributed on treated plots one time at a rate of 125\/ha. Fleas were virtually eliminated in Montana from 1 mo posttreatment to 1 yr later and remained substantially depressed 2 yr posttreatment. With the split colony design, we probably underestimated the degree of flea control achieved with FipBits due to crossover edge effects along the arbitrary line dividing the plots. Flea control in Arizona was significant from 1 mo posttreatment to 1 yr later, but flea abundance had recovered by 2 yr posttreatment. Flea control was evaluated from 2020\u20132021 in South Dakota, USA on four plots treated with three concentrations of fipronil in FipBits (0.68, 0.71, and 0.83 mg\/FipBit). Fleas were essentially eliminated for 10 mo on the 0.83-mg plot and were substantially reduced on the two 0.71-mg plots. Fleas were reduced on the 0.68-mg plot, but the degree of control was less than observed on other treated plots. Impacts of plague on PDs and BFFs would probably be greatly reduced by the levels of flea control observed with FipBits. Options for expanded FipBit evaluations are being pursued for what may become a highly practical, affordable, and effective plague mitigation tool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-22-00008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:45:17Z","timestamp":1682383517000},"page":"71-83","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["FLEA CONTROL ON PRAIRIE DOGS (CYNOMYS SPP.) WITH FIPRONIL BAIT PELLETS: POTENTIAL PLAGUE MITIGATION TOOL FOR RAPID FIELD APPLICATION AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Marc R.","family":"Matchett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"US Fish and Wildlife Service, Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, 333 Airport Road, Lewistown, Montana 59457, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4247-017X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Eads","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building C, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Cordova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Game and Fish Department, PO Box 387, Seligman, Arizona 86337, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis M.","family":"Livieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prairie Wildlife Research, PO Box 643, Wisconsin 54481, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Game and Fish Department, 5000 West Carefree Highway, Phoenix, Arizona 85086 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean E.","family":"Biggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building C, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LM Corro, DW Tripp, SA Stelting, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  53, \"Using off-the-shelf technologies to mass manufacture oral vaccine baits for wildlife.\" 681 (2017)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-01-013"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RC Abbott, RE Russell, KLD Richgels, et al.  \"Ecohealth.\"  15, \"Factors influencing uptake of sylvatic plague vaccine baits by prairie dogs.\" 12 (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1294-1"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DE Biggins  and MY Kosoy  \"J Mammal.\"  82, \"Influences of introduced plague on North American mammals: Implications from ecology of plague in Asia.\" 906 (2001)","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2001)082<0906:IOIPON>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Eads  and DE Biggins  \"Conserv Biol.\"  29, \"Plague bacterium as a transformer species in prairie dogs and the grasslands of western North America.\" 1086 (2015)","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12498"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JL Hoogland, S Davis, S Benson-Amram, et al.  \"Southwest Nat.\"  49, \"Pyraperm kills fleas and halts plague among Utah prairie dogs.\" 376 (2004)","DOI":"10.1894\/0038-4909(2004)049<0376:PKFAHP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TE Rocke, DW Tripp, RE Russell, et al.  \"Ecohealth.\"  14, \"Sylvatic plague vaccine partially protects prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) in field trials.\" 438 (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1253-x"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE Russell, RC Abbott, DW Tripp, et al.  \"Ecol Evol.\"  8, \"Local factors associated with on-host flea distributions on prairie dog colonies.\" 8951 (2018)","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4390"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DB Seery, DE Biggins, JA Montenieri, et al.  \"J Med Entomol.\"  40, \"Treatment of black-tailed prairie dog burrows with deltamethrin to control fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) and plague.\" 718 (2003)","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.5.718"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Eads  and DE Biggins  \"J Vector Ecol.\"  44, \"Plague management of prairie dog colonies: Degree and duration of deltamethrin flea control.\" 40 (2019)","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12327"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Eads, DE Biggins, J Bowser, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  54, \"Resistance to deltamethrin in prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) fleas in the field and in the laboratory.\" 745 (2018)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-10-250"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Gibbons, C Morrissey, P Mineau,  \"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int.\"  22, \"A review of the direct and indirect effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on vertebrate wildlife.\" 103 (2015)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3180-5"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DW Tripp, TE Rocke, JP Runge, et al.  \"EcoHealth.\"  14, \"Burrow dusting or oral vaccination prevents plague-associated prairie dog colony collapse.\" 451 (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1236-y"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"\"Management plan for the black-footed ferret in northern Arizona. Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program Technical Report 301.\"  (2016)"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DE Biggins, JL Godbey, KL Gage, et al.  \"Vector-Borne Zoonot.\"  10, \"Vector control improves survival of three species of prairie dogs (Cynomys) in areas considered enzootic for plague.\" 17 (2010)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0049"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DE Biggins, JL Godbey, DA Eads,  \"Vector-Borne Zoonot.\"  21, \"Epizootic plague in prairie dogs: Correlates and control with deltamethrin.\" 172 (2021a)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2684"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DE Biggins, S Ramakrishnan, TE Rocke, et al.  \"Ecosphere.\"  12, \"Enzootic plague reduces survival of Mexican woodrats (Neotoma mexicana) in Colorado.\" e03371 (2021b)","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.3371"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Bonmatin, C Giorio, V Girolami, et al.  \"Environ Sci Pollut R.\"  22, \"Environmental fate and exposure; neonicotinioids and fipronil.\" 35 (2015)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3332-7"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GCM dos Santos, FB Scott, DR Campos, et al.  \"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.\"  45, \"Oral pharmacokinetic profile of fipronil and efficacy against flea and tick in dogs.\" 23 (2021)","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13004"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"DA. Eads,  \"US Geological Survey data release.\"  \"Data on flea control using FipBit fipronil bait pellets with black-tailed prairie dogs, South Dakota, 2020\u20132021.\" (2022)"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Eads, DE Biggins, J Bowser, et al.  \"Vector-Borne Zoonot.\"  19, \"Evaluation of five pulicides to suppress fleas on black-tailed prairie dogs: Encouraging long-term results with systemic 0.005% fipronil.\" 400 (2019)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2339"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Eads, L Buehler, A Esbenshade, et al.  \"J Vector Ecol.\"  47, \"One Health in action: Flea control and interpretative education at Badlands National Park.\" 227 (2022)","DOI":"10.52707\/1081-1710-47.2.227"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Eads  and JL Hoogland  \"Ecosphere.\"  7, \"Factors that affect parasitism of black- tailed prairie dogs by fleas.\" e01372 (2016)","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1372"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Eads  and JL Hoogland  \"J Parisitol.\"  103, \"Precipitation, climate change, and parasitism of prairie dogs by fleas.\" 309 (2017)","DOI":"10.1645\/16-195"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DE Eads, TM Livieri, P Dobesh, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  57, \"Fipronil pellets reduce flea abundance on black-tailed prairie dogs: Potential tool for plague management and black-footed ferret conservation.\" 434 (2021)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00161"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Eads, TN Tretten, JP Hughes, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  59, \"Lethal effects on flea larvae of fipronil in host feces: Potential benefits for plague mitigation.\" 84 (2023)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-22-00092"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE Enscore, Y Bai, LM Osikowicz, et al.  \"J Vector Ecol.\"  46, \"Evaluation of a liquid carbaryl formulation to control burrow fleas following a die-off of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) caused by plague (Yersinia pestis) in Converse County, Wyoming.\" 230 (2021)","DOI":"10.52707\/1081-1710-46.2.230"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Eads, AC Yashin, LE Noble, et al.  \"J Vector Ecol.\"  45, \"Managing plague on prairie dog colonies: Insecticides as ectoparasiticides.\" 82 (2020)","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12375"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"J Fox, S Weisberg, B Price, et al.  \"R-Forge package car.\"  (2021)"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AR Goldberg, DE Biggins, S Ramakrishnan, et al.  \"Wildl Res.\"  \"Deltamethrin reduces survival of non-target small mammals.\" (2022)","DOI":"10.1071\/WR21153"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AR Goldberg, CJ Conway, DE Biggins,  \"Glob Ecol Conserv.\"  26, \"Effects of experimental flea removal and plague vaccine treatments on survival of northern Idaho ground squirrels and two coexisting sciurids.\" e01489 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2021.e01489"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JL Hoogland, DE Biggins, N Blackford, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  54, \"Plague in a colony of Gunnison's prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni) despite three years of infusions of burrows with 0.05% deltamethrin to kill fleas.\" 347 (2018)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-04-089"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DS Jachowski, JJ Millspaugh, DE Biggins, et al.  \"Nat Areas J.\"  28, \"Implications of black-tailed prairie dog spatial dynamics to black-footed ferrets.\" 14 (2008)","DOI":"10.3375\/0885-8608(2008)28[14:IOBPDS]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CB. Koford,  \"Ecology and management of wild grazing animals in temperate zones.\"  \"The prairie dog of the North American plains, and its relations with plants, soil, and land use\" 327 (1961)","DOI":"10.3406\/revec.1961.4259"},{"key":"30","unstructured":"KE Kreiger  and MR Matchett  \"United States patent.\"  \"Pellet delivery mechanism.\" 10,478,276 (2019)"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EA Lorange, BL Race, F Sebbane, et al.  \"J Infect Dis.\"  191, \"Poor vector competence of fleas and the evolution of hypervirulence in Yersinia pestis.\" 1907 (2005)","DOI":"10.1086\/429931"},{"key":"32","unstructured":"D L\u00fcdecke, F Aust, S Crawley, et al.  \"Package ggeffects.\"  (2021)"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MR Matchett, DE Biggins, V Carlson, et al.  \"Vector-Borne Zoonot.\"  10, \"Enzootic plague reduces black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) survival in Montana.\" 27 (2010)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0053"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MR Matchett, TR Stanley, MF McCollister, et al.  \"Vector-Borne Zoonot.\"  21, \"Oral sylvatic plague vaccine does not adequately protect prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) for endangered black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) conservation.\" 921 (2021)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2021.0049"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DM Poch\u00e9, T Clarke, B Tseveenjav, et al.  \"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl.\"  13, \"Evaluating the use of a low dose fipronil bait in reducing black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) fleas at reduced application rates.\" 292 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2020.11.005"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DM Poch\u00e9, D Hartman, L Polyakova, et al.  \"J Vector Ecol.\"  42, \"Efficacy of a fipronil bait in reducing the number of fleas (Oropsylla spp.) infesting wild black-tailed prairie dogs.\" 171 (2017)","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12252"},{"key":"37","unstructured":"B Ripley, B Venables, DM Bates, et al.  \"Package MASS.\"  (2021)"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CCD Tingle, CF Rother JA Dewhurst, S Lauer, et al.  \"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol.\"  176, \"Fipronil: Environmental fate, ecotoxicology, and human health concerns.\" 1 (2003)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7283-5_1"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DW Tripp, KL Gage, JA Montenieri, et al.  \"Vector-Borne Zoonot.\"  9, \"Flea abundance on black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) increases during plague epizootics.\" 313 (2009)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0194"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I Tsurim, G Wasserberg, G Ben Natan, et al.  \"J Med Entomol.\"  58, \"The potential of systemic control of sand flies using fipronil in the novel leishmania major (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) reservoirs Meriones tristrami (Rodentia: Muridea) and Meriones crassus (Rodentia: Muridae).\" 969 (2021a)","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa200"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I Tsurim, G Wasserberg, G Ben Natan, et al.  \"J Med Entomol.\"  58, \"Systemic control of cutaneous leishmaniasis sand-fly vectors: fipronil-treated rodent bait is effective in reducing Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) female emergence rate from rodent burrows.\" 974 (2021b)","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa201"},{"key":"46","unstructured":"\"Fipronil pesticide fact sheet. EPA-737-F-96-005.\"  (1996)"},{"key":"47","unstructured":"\"Recovery plan for the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes).\"  157 (2013)"},{"key":"48","unstructured":"MJ. Wilcomb,  \"A study of prairie dog burrow systems and the ecology of their arthropod inhabitants in Central Oklahoma.\"  168 (1954)"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Ying  and R Kookana  \"Aust J Soil Res.\"  40, \"Laboratory and field studies on the degradation of fipronil in soil.\" 1095 (2002)","DOI":"10.1071\/SR02018"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:59:42Z","timestamp":1793426382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-59\/issue-1\/JWD-D-22-00008\/FLEA-CONTROL-ON-PRAIRIE-DOGS-CYNOMYS-SPP-WITH-FIPRONIL-BAIT\/10.7589\/JWD-D-22-00008.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-22-00008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]}}}