{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:31:16Z","timestamp":1793424676477,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chemical immobilization agents that provide rapid induction time, short duration of action, wide margin of safety, and postreversal recovery are important attributes to the handling process of immobilized animals. We evaluated differences in induction, recovery, and physiologic parameters in 23 (13 female, nine adults and four yearlings; 10 male, nine adults and one yearling) free-ranging bobcats (Lynx rufus) chemically immobilized with an intramuscular combination of ketamine (10 mg\/kg) and xylazine (KX; 1.5 mg\/kg; n=11) or a combination of butorphanol (0.8 mg\/ kg), azaperone (0.27 mg\/kg), and medetomidine (BAM; 0.32 mg\/kg; n=12). Induction parameters, time to first effect, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, and anesthesia between bobcats administered KX and BAM were similar. Pulse rate was significantly higher for KX than for BAM. Time to standing and full recovery after reversal were faster for bobcats administered BAM than KX. Six of 11 (55%) bobcats given KX were effectively immobilized with a single injection, and five required additional drugs to allow adequate time for processing. Of 12 bobcats given BAM, six (50%) were effectively immobilized with a single injection, three (25%) individuals were not completely immobilized and required additional doses to allow adequate time for processing, and three (25%) required additional doses after complete arousal during processing. We found that BAM provided reduced sedation and processing times (&lt;30 min), whereas KX provided extended sedation and processing times beyond 30 min. We suggest that researchers increase initial BAM drug volumes for yearling and adult bobcats at time of processing and consider taking appropriate safety precautions when handling free-ranging bobcats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-22-00012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T02:12:01Z","timestamp":1705025521000},"page":"86-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["COMPARING THE EFFICACY OF TWO IMMOBILIZATION DRUG COMBINATIONS FOR THE CHEMICAL RESTRAINT OF BOBCATS (LYNX RUFUS)"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Christopher N.","family":"Jacques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, 1 University Circle, Macomb, Illinois 61455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Klaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey, Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, 342 Science II, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"DePerno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimee P.","family":"Rockhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences and Natural Resources, Western Carolina University, 308 Stillwell Building, Cullowhee, North Carolina 28723, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SS Shapiro  and MB Wilk  \"Biometrika.\"  52, \"An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples).\" 591 (1965)","DOI":"10.2307\/2333709"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RS Sikes,  \"J Mammal.\"  97, \"2016 Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research and education.\" 663 (2016)","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyw078"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. 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Wenker,  \"Internet J Anesthesiol.\"  2, \"Anesthesia of exotic animals.\" (1997)","DOI":"10.5580\/21d"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RH Williamson, LI Muller, CD Blair,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  53, \"The use of ketamine-xylazine or butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine to immobilize American black bears (Ursus americanus).\" 503 (2018)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-10-255"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EA Zieman, FA Jim\u00e9nez, CK Nielsen,  \"J Parasitol.\"  2017, \"Concurrent examination of bobcats and ticks reveals high prevalence of Cytauxzoon felis in southern Illinois.\" 343 (2017)","DOI":"10.1645\/16-133"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CK Ellis, ME Wehtje, LL Wolfe, et al.  \"Eur J Wildl Res.\"  65, \"Comparison of the efficacy of four drug combinations for immobilization of wild pigs.\" 78 (2019)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-019-1317-z"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Semjonov, V Andrianov, JP Raath, et al.  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  44, \"Evaluation of BAM (butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine) in captive African lion (Panthera leo) immobilization.\" 883 (2017)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2017.02.001"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:47:35Z","timestamp":1793422055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-60\/issue-1\/JWD-D-22-00012\/COMPARING-THE-EFFICACY-OF-TWO-IMMOBILIZATION-DRUG-COMBINATIONS-FOR-THE\/10.7589\/JWD-D-22-00012.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-22-00012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]}}}