{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T06:33:17Z","timestamp":1793428397293,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii has been reported as a cause of morbidity and mortality in New Zealand's native avifauna, including the ground-dwelling Kiwi (Apteryx spp.). To better understand the extent of T. gondii infection in Little Spotted Kiwi (Apteryx owenii), a prevalence survey of kiwi living inside a 200-ha predator-proof mainland ecosanctuary (Zealandia Te M\u0101ra a T\u0101ne, Wellington, New Zealand) was undertaken. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected by a latex agglutination test (LAT) with a cutoff positive titer of \u22651:64, and T. gondii DNA was detected by PCR. In total, 16\/19 (84.2%) birds tested were positive for T. gondii by LAT (10\/11), PCR (10\/19), or both (4\/11). Antibody titers ranged from 1:32 to \u22651:2,048. These results suggest widespread exposure of T. gondii in this population of Little Spotted Kiwi and, in conjunction with earlier reports of toxoplasmosis causing mortality in kiwi, raise important questions as to the effect this parasite may be having on this rare endemic species. Further information on the epidemiology of T. gondii infections within free-living and managed kiwi populations is urgently needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-22-00046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:48:47Z","timestamp":1682383727000},"page":"172-175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii Exposure Prevalence in Little Spotted Kiwi (Apteryx owenii)"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Harry S.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Surveillance Services, Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry for Primary Industries, 66 Ward Street, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laryssa","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte F.","family":"Bolwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerri J.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baukje","family":"Lenting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Readiness and Response Services, Ministry for Primary Industries, 34\u201338 Bowen Street, Wellington 6140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"McInnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation, Conservation House, PO Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Miller, IA Gardner, C Kreuder, et al.  \"Int J Parasitol.\"  32, \"Coastal freshwater runoff is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis).\" 997 (2002)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00069-3"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WD Roe, L Howe, EJ Baker, et al.  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  192, \"An atypical genotype of Toxoplasma gondii as a cause of mortality in Hector's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori).\" 67 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.11.001"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Shapiro, L Bahia-Oliveira, B Dixon, et al.  \"Food Waterborne Parasitol.\"  15, \"Environmental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii: Oocysts in water, soil and food.\" e00049 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00049"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"A. 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Dubey,  \"Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans.\"  564 (2021)","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003199373"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JP Dubey, TA Felix, OCH Kwok,  \"J Parasitol.\"  96, \"Serological and parasitological prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in wild birds from Colorado.\" 937 (2010)","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2501.1"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JP Dubey, D Lindsay, CA Speer,  \"Clin Microbiol Rev.\"  11, \"Structures of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biology and development of tissue cysts.\" 267 (1998)","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.267"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JP Dubey, FHA Murata, CK Cerqueira-C\u00e9zar, et al.  \"Parasitology.\"  148, \"Epidemiologic significance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in turkeys, ducks, ratites and other wild birds: 2009\u20132020.\" 1 (2021)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020001961"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JP Dubey, WB Scandrett, OCH Kwok, et al.  \"J Parasitol.\"  86, \"Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in ostriches (Struthio camelus).\" 623 (2000)","DOI":"10.2307\/3284884"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"J Germano, S Barlow, I Castro, et al.  \"Kiwi recovery plan 2018\u20132028. 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