{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:34:08Z","timestamp":1793835248855,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding risk factors associated with reintroductions is important for making informed decisions within an adaptive framework. Biosecurity measures minimizing the risk of the introduction or spread of transmissible diseases are a priority when considering the release of captive-reared wildlife. Eastern indigo snake (EIS; Drymarchon couperi) reintroductions have been occurring in Alabama since 2010 and in Florida since 2017. During this effort the pathogen Cryptosporidium serpentis was detected, affecting several of the captive breeding snakes. Infected snakes were quarantined and removed from breeding efforts, which reduced snakes available for the reintroduction projects. To make informed management decisions about future reintroduction strategies, 155 free-ranging snakes were sampled at the two release sites and a third site in Georgia to evaluate the natural occurrence of C. serpentis. Additionally, 72 free-ranging EIS and other species incidentally encountered throughout the EIS range were tested opportunistically. All snakes sampled at the three focal sites tested negative, but one opportunistically tested EIS from South Florida tested positive. These results indicate that C. serpentis is present in the environment in at least one location, but at low levels. Our results suggest that, pending additional surveillance, C. serpentispositive snakes should not be included in reintroduction efforts, and that maintaining a high level of biosecurity is important in captive breeding programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-22-00055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:49:01Z","timestamp":1682383741000},"page":"176-180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cryptosporidium serpentis Surveillance in Free-Ranging Snakes to Inform a Reintroduction Strategy for the Eastern Indigo Snake (Drymarchon couperi)"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Bradley M.","family":"O'Hanlon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 620 South Meridian Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32399, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Bogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Florida Zoo & Botanical Gardens' Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation, 30931 Brantley Branch Road, Eustis, Florida 32736, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Godwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alabama Natural Heritage Program, Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Florida Zoo & Botanical Gardens' Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation, 30931 Brantley Branch Road, Eustis, Florida 32736, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lora L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jones Center at Ichauway, 3988 Jones Center Drive, Newton, Georgia 39870, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houston C.","family":"Chandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Orianne Society, 11 Old Fruit Stand Lane, Tiger, Georgia 30576, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke L.","family":"Talley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 620 South Meridian Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32399, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DJ Stevenson, MR Bolt, DJ Smith, et al.  \"Southeast Nat.\"  9, \"Prey records for the eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi).\" 1 (2010)","DOI":"10.1656\/058.009.0101"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JE Bogan, M Hoffman, F Dickerson, et al.  \"J Herpetol Med Surg.\"  31, \"Evaluation of paromomycin treatment for Cryptosporidium serpentis infection in eastern indigo snakes (Drymarchon couperi).\" 307 (2021)","DOI":"10.5818\/JHMS-D-21-00010"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Kuroki, S Izumiyama, K Yagita, et al.  \"Parasitol Res.\"  103, \"Occurrence of Cryptosporidium sp. in snakes in Japan.\" 801 (2008)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1045-x"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"W. Gibbons,  \"Snakes of the Eastern United States.\"  416 (2017)"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JE Bogan,  \"J Herpetol Med Surg.\"  29, \"Gastric cryptosporidiosis in snakes, a review.\" 71 (2019)","DOI":"10.5818\/19-05-201.1"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"SJ Burgdorf, DC Rudolph, RN Conner, et al.  \"Herpetol Rev.\"  36, \"A successful trap design for capturing large terrestrial snakes.\" 421 (2005)"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MR Cranfield, TK Graczyk, K Wright, et al.  \"Bull ARAV.\"  9, \"Cryptosporidiosis.\" 15 (1999)","DOI":"10.5818\/1076-3139.9.3.15"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"KM Enge, DJ Stevenson, MJ Elliott, et al.  \"Herpetol Conserv Biol.\"  8, \"The historical and current distribution of the Eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi).\" 288 (2013)"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AS Karasawa, RJ Matsubara da Silva, LM Mascarini, et al.  \"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz.\"  97, \"Occurrence of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) in Crotalus durissus terrificus (Serpentes, Viperidae) in Brazil.\" 779 (2002)","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762002000600004"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JL McGuire, EA Miller, TM Norton, et al.  \"Parasitol Res.\"  112, \"Intestinal parasites of the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) from eight populations in Georgia.\" 4205 (2013)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3612-z"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"DA Steen, JA Stiles, SH Stiles, et al.  \"Herpetol Rev.\"  47, \"Observations of feeding behavior by reintroduced indigo snakes in southern Alabama.\" 11 (2016)"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"\"Eastern indigo snake Drymarchon corais couperi 5-year review: Summary and evaluation.\"  (2019a)"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"\"Recovery plan for the eastern indigo snake first revision.\"  (2019b)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MR Cranfield  and TK Graczyk  \"Reptile Medicine and Surgery.\"  \"Cryptosporidiosis.\" 756 (2006)","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-72-169327-X\/50052-3"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Fayer, CA Speer, JP Dubey,  \"Cryptosporidiosis of Man and Animals.\"  \"General biology of Cryptosporidium.\" 1 (2018)","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351071260-1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:59:51Z","timestamp":1793426391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-59\/issue-1\/JWD-D-22-00055\/Cryptosporidium-serpentis-Surveillance-in-Free-Ranging-Snakes-to-Inform-a\/10.7589\/JWD-D-22-00055.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-22-00055","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]}}}