{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T06:32:37Z","timestamp":1793428357036,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We chemically immobilized a free-ranging moose subspecies, Shiras moose (Alces alces shirasi), using a combination of butorphanol (27.3 mg\/mL), azaperone (9.1 mg\/mL), and medetomidine (10.9 mg\/mL). Ground and helicopter darting with fixed doses of 2 mL and 3 mL, respectively, safely immobilized 13 individuals in Wyoming, USA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-22-00072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:35:55Z","timestamp":1685579755000},"page":"359-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Butorphanol, Azaperone, and Medetomidine for Chemical Immobilization in Free-Ranging Shiras (Alces alces shirasi) Moose: Ground and Helicopter Darting in Wyoming, USA"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Samantha E.","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Services, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 1212 S Adams St, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peach","family":"Van Wick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Services, Thorne\/Williams Wildlife Research Center, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 2362 WY-34, Wheatland, Wyoming 82201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyson B.","family":"Courtemanch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 420 N Cache St, Jackson, Wyoming 83001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teal","family":"Cufaude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 1212 S Adams St, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"6","unstructured":"TJ Kreeger, WH Edwards, EJ Wald, et al.  \"Alces.\"  41, \"Health assessment of Shiras moose immobilized with thiafentanil.\" 121 (2005)"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NJ Harms, TS Jung, M Hallock, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  54, \"Efficacy of a butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine combination for helicopter-based immobilization of bison (Bison bison).\" 819 (2018)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-09-232"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CM Hansen  and KB Beckmen  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  54, \"Butorphanol-azaperone-medetomindine for the immobilization of captive caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) in Alaska, USA.\" 650 (2018)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-12-312"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DS Hodgson, CI Dunlop, PL Chapman, et al.  \"Am J Vet Res.\"  63, \"Cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine and acepromazine in pregnant cows in late gestation.\" 1695 (2002)","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1695"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JCH Ko, WH Hsu, LE Evans,  \"Theriogenology.\"  33, \"The effects of xylazine and alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists on bovine uterine contractility in vitro.\" 601 (1990)","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(90)90537-4"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"TJ. Kreeger,  \"Wildlife Soc B.\"  28, \"Xylazine-induced aspiration pneumonia in Shiras moose.\" 751 (2000)"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Lamglait, M Jalenques, V Brodeur, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  52, \"Butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomindine anesthesia in free-ranging eastern moose (Alces americanus).\" 712 (2021)","DOI":"10.1638\/2020-0183"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MM LeBlanc, JAE Hubbell, HC Smith,  \"Theriogenology.\"  21, \"The effects of xylazine hydrochloride on intrauterine pressure in the cow.\" 681 (1984)","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(84)90014-1"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RL Levine, SPH Dwinnell, B Kroger, et al.  \"Wildlife Soc B.\"  46, \"Helicopter-based immobilization of moose using butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine.\" e1327 (2022)","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.1327"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Sakamoto, K Misumi, M Nakama, et al.  \"J Vet Med Sci.\"  58, \"The effects of xylazine on intrauterine pressure, uterine blood flow, maternal and fetal cardiovascular and pulmonary function in pregnant goats.\" 211 (1996)","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.58.211"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Siegal-Willot, SB Citino, S Wade, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  45, \"Butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine anesthesia in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) using radiotransmitter darts.\" 468 (2009)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.2.468"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LL Wolfe, MC Fisher, TR Davis, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  50, \"Efficacy of a low-dosage combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomindine (BAM) to immobilize Rocky Mountain elk.\" 676 (2014)","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-02-026"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:52:02Z","timestamp":1793425922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-59\/issue-2\/JWD-D-22-00072\/Butorphanol-Azaperone-and-Medetomidine-for-Chemical-Immobilization-in-Free-Ranging\/10.7589\/JWD-D-22-00072.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-22-00072","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}}}